Tracking through life stages: adult, immature and juvenile autumn migration in a long-lived seabird

Seasonal long-distance migration is likely to be experienced in a contrasted manner by juvenile, immature and adult birds, leading to variations in migratory routes, timing and behaviour. We provide the first analysis of late summer movements and autumn migration in these three life stages, which were tracked concurrently using satellite tags, geolocators or GPS recorders in a long-ranging migratory seabird, the Scopoli’s shearwater (formerly named Cory’s shearwater, Calonectris diomedea ) breeding on two French Mediterranean islands. During the late breeding season, immatures foraged around their colony like breeding adults, but they were the only group showing potential prospecting movements around non-natal colonies. Global migration routes were broadly comparable between the two populations and the three life stages, with all individuals heading towards the Atlantic Ocean through the strait of Gibraltar and travelling along the West African coast, up to 8000 km from their colony. However, detailed comparison of timing, trajectory and oceanographic conditions experienced by the birds revealed remarkable age-related differences. Compared to adults and immatures, juveniles made a longer stop-over in the Balearic Sea (10 days vs 4 days in average), showed lower synchrony in crossing the Gibraltar strait, had more sinuous pathways and covered longer daily distances (240 km.d -1 vs 170 km.d -1 ). Analysis of oceanographic habitats along migratory routes revealed funnelling selection of habitat towards coastal and more productive waters with increasing age. Younger birds may have reduced navigational ability and learn progressively fine-scale migration routes towards the more profitable travelling and wintering areas. Our study demonstrates the importance of tracking long-lived species through the stages, to better understand migratory behavior and assess differential exposure to at-sea threats. Shared distribution between life stages and populations make Scopoli’s shearwaters particularly vulnerable to extreme mortality events in autumn and winter. Such knowledge is key for the conservation of critical marine habitats

Patterns of at-sea behaviour at a hybrid zone between two threatened seabirds

Patterns of behavioural variation and migratory connectivity are important characteristics of populations, particularly at the edges of species distributions, where processes involved in influencing evolutionary trajectories, such as divergence, mutual persistence, and natural hybridization, can occur. Here, we focused on two closely related seabird species that breed in the Mediterranean: Balearic shearwaters (Puffinus mauretanicus) and Yelkouan shearwaters (Puffinus yelkouan). Genetic and phenotypic evidence of hybridization between the two species on Menorca (the eastern and westernmost island in the breeding ranges of the two shearwaters, respectively) has provided important insights into relationships between these recently diverged species. Nevertheless, levels of behavioural and ecological differentiation amongst these populations remain largely unknown. Using geolocation and stable isotopes, we compared the at-sea movement behaviour of birds from the Menorcan ‘hybrid’ population with the nearest neighbouring populations of Balearic and Yelkouan shearwaters. The Menorcan population displayed a suite of behavioural features intermediate to those seen in the two species (including migration strategies, breeding season movements and limited data on phenology). Our findings provide new evidence to support suggestions that the Menorcan population is admixed, and indicate a role of non-breeding behaviours in the evolutionary trajectories of Puffinus shearwaters in the Mediterranean

Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds

Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the world’s oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with individual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species

Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds

Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the world’s oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with individual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species

IMPACT DES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES ET DISTRIBUTION SPATIALE DES OISEAUX MARINS DE L'OCÉAN AUSTRAL

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), accelerated global warming is now non-equivocal. The aim of this PhD thesis was to assess past and recent climate changes in the Austral ocean and evaluate whether impact of these changes on seabirds spatial distribution was already discernible and/or predictible. Using historical vessel-based surveys data on 12 seabirds species, we documented a decrease in abundance of three species and found distinct changes in distribution between the 1980s and the 2000s. The distributional range of these species extended into subtropical waters where warming has been more pronounced. Tracking data provide crucial information on spatio-temporal variability of foraging habitats. We developped habitat models to (1) caracterize oceanographic conditions of foraging habitats, (2) understand species responses to seasonal and interannual climate variations, and finally (3) predict the future distribution of favourable habitats using IPCC's climatic projections. The two species investigated target productive zones where resources availability is predictable in space and time. Seasonal variations of the distribution of white-chinned petrels (Procellaria aequinoctialis) from Kerguelen are mainly driven by sea-ice dynamic whereas king penguins (Aptenodytes Patagonicus) from Crozet are tightly associated with the polar front. These oceanographic features, forced by temperature, drive the abundance and distribution of marine resources available to predators. Consequently, the 1 to 3°C warming predicted by the IPCC could have major consequences on prey availability in the future. Our predictive models revealed a southward shift of 300 km of king penguin's foraging zones by the end of the 21st century. Such a shift is likely to be beyond penguins' foraging abilities. Despite the uncertainties of models and responses of the lower trophic levels, our results suggest a strong selection pressure on foraging strategies in the future.D'après le dernier rapport du Groupe Intergouvernemental d'Experts sur l'Evolution du Climat (GIEC), la réalité d'un réchauffement majeur du climat est sans équivoque. Ce travail de thèse a consisté à dresser un bilan des changements climatiques passés et récents dans l'océan Austral et à évaluer si l'impact de ces changements sur la distribution spatiale des oiseaux marins était déjà détectable et/ou prévisible. Grâce aux données historiques d'observation en mer par bateau sur 12 espèces d'oiseaux marins, nous avons mis en évidence une diminution d'abondance chez trois espèces et des changements de distribution contrastés entre les années 1980 et 2000. Ces espèces ont la particularité d'exploiter les eaux subtropicales où le réchauffement a été plus intense pendant cette période. Les suivis télémétriques apportent des informations précieuses sur la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la distribution des zones d'alimentation. Les modèles d'habitat nous ont permis de (1) caractériser les habitats exploités d'un point de vue océanographique, (2) comprendre la réponse des oiseaux aux variations saisonnières et interannuelles du climat, et enfin (3) prédire la distribution future des habitats favorables en utilisant les projections climatiques du GIEC. Les deux espèces étudiées ciblent des zones productives où les ressources sont prédictibles dans le temps et l'espace. Les variations saisonnières de la distribution du pétrel à menton blanc (Procellaria aequinoctialis) de Kerguelen sont principalement gouvernées par la dynamique de la glace de mer alors que les manchots royaux (Aptenodytes Patagonicus) de Crozet sont étroitement liés au front polaire. Ces structures océanographiques, forcées par la température, gouvernent la distribution et l'abondance des ressources disponibles pour les prédateurs. Le réchauffement de 1 à 3°C prédit par les modèles climatiques pourrait donc avoir des conséquences importantes sur la disponibilité des proies. Ainsi, nos modèles d'habitat prédictifs ont révélé un déplacement de 300 km vers le sud des zones d'alimentation du manchot royal d'ici la fin du 21ème siècle. Un tel changement serait bien au-delà des capacités de recherche alimentaire actuelles des manchots. Malgré les incertitudes liées aux modèles et aux réponses des niveaux trophiques inférieurs, nos résultats suggèrent une forte pression de sélection sur les stratégies d'approvisionnement des oiseaux marins dans les années à venir

Data from: Extreme climate events and individual heterogeneity shape life-history traits and population dynamics

Extreme climatic conditions and their ecological impacts are currently emerging as critical features of climate change. We studied extreme sea ice condition (ESIC) and found it impacts both life-history traits and population dynamics of an Antarctic seabird well beyond ordinary variability. The Southern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialoides) is an ice-dependent seabird, and individuals forage near the ice edge. During an extreme unfavorable year (when sea ice area is reduced and distance between ice edge and colony is high), observed foraging trips were greater in distance and duration. As a result, adults brought less food to their chicks, which fledged in the poorest body condition. During such unfavorable years, breeding success was extremely low and population growth rate (λ) was greatly reduced. The opposite pattern occurred during extreme favorable years. Previous breeding status had a strong influence on life-history traits and population dynamics, and their responses to extreme conditions. Successful breeders had a higher chance of breeding and raising their chick successfully during the following breeding season as compared to other breeding stages, regardless of environmental conditions. Consequently, they coped better with unfavorable ESIC. The effect of change in successful breeder vital rates on λ was greater than for other stages' vital rates, except for pre-breeder recruitment probabilities, which most affected λ. For environments characterized by ordinary sea ice conditions, interindividual differences were more likely to persist over the life of individuals and randomness in individual pathways was low, suggesting individual heterogeneity in vital rates arising from innate or acquired phenotypic traits. Additionally, unfavorable ESIC tended to exacerbate individual differences in intrinsic quality, expressed through differences in reproductive status. We discuss the strong effects of ESIC on Southern Fulmar life-history traits in an evolutionary context. ESICs strongly affect fitness components and act as potentially important agents of natural selection of life histories related to intrinsic quality and intermittent breeding. In addition, recruitment is a highly plastic trait that, if heritable, could have a critical role in evolution of life histories. Finally, we find that changes in the frequency of extreme events may strongly impact persistence of Southern Fulmar populations

Data from: Extreme climate events and individual heterogeneity shape life-history traits and population dynamics

Extreme climatic conditions and their ecological impacts are currently emerging as critical features of climate change. We studied extreme sea ice condition (ESIC) and found it impacts both life-history traits and population dynamics of an Antarctic seabird well beyond ordinary variability. The Southern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialoides) is an ice-dependent seabird, and individuals forage near the ice edge. During an extreme unfavorable year (when sea ice area is reduced and distance between ice edge and colony is high), observed foraging trips were greater in distance and duration. As a result, adults brought less food to their chicks, which fledged in the poorest body condition. During such unfavorable years, breeding success was extremely low and population growth rate (λ) was greatly reduced. The opposite pattern occurred during extreme favorable years. Previous breeding status had a strong influence on life-history traits and population dynamics, and their responses to extreme conditions. Successful breeders had a higher chance of breeding and raising their chick successfully during the following breeding season as compared to other breeding stages, regardless of environmental conditions. Consequently, they coped better with unfavorable ESIC. The effect of change in successful breeder vital rates on λ was greater than for other stages' vital rates, except for pre-breeder recruitment probabilities, which most affected λ. For environments characterized by ordinary sea ice conditions, interindividual differences were more likely to persist over the life of individuals and randomness in individual pathways was low, suggesting individual heterogeneity in vital rates arising from innate or acquired phenotypic traits. Additionally, unfavorable ESIC tended to exacerbate individual differences in intrinsic quality, expressed through differences in reproductive status. We discuss the strong effects of ESIC on Southern Fulmar life-history traits in an evolutionary context. ESICs strongly affect fitness components and act as potentially important agents of natural selection of life histories related to intrinsic quality and intermittent breeding. In addition, recruitment is a highly plastic trait that, if heritable, could have a critical role in evolution of life histories. Finally, we find that changes in the frequency of extreme events may strongly impact persistence of Southern Fulmar populations

Variable selection and accurate predictions in habitat modelling: a shrinkage approach

International audienceHabitat modelling is increasingly relevant in biodiversity and conservation studies. A typical application is to predict potential zones of specific conservation interest. With many environmental covariates, a large number of models can he investigated but multi-model inference may become impractical. Shrinkage regression overcomes this issue by dealing with the identification and accurate estimation of effect size for prediction. In a Bayesian framework we investigated the use of a shrinkage prior, the Horseshoe, for variable selection in spatial generalized linear models (GLM). As study cases, we considered 5 datasets on small pelagic fish abundance in the Gulf of Lion (Mediterranean Sea, France) and 9 environmental inputs. We compared the predictive performances of a simple kriging model, a full spatial GLM model with independent normal priors for regression coefficients, a full spatial GLM model with a Horseshoe prior for regression coefficients and 2 zero-inflated models (spatial and non-spatial) with a Horseshoe prior. Predictive performances were evaluated by cross validation on a hold-out subset of the data: models with a Horseshoe prior performed best, and the full model with independent normal priors worst. With an increasing number of inputs, extrapolation quickly became pervasive as we tried to predict from novel combinations of covariate values. By shrinking regression coefficients with a Horseshoe prior, only one model needed to be fitted to the data in order to obtain reasonable and accurate predictions, including extrapolations

Timing of post-fledging movements of juvenile and autumn migration of immature and adult Scopoli’s shearwaters tracked with PTTs.

<p>Triangles correspond to the date of crossing of the Gibraltar strait and the capital letter indicate the colony where birds were equipped (R: Riou Is., F: Frioul Is. and L: Lavezzi Is.).</p

Comparison of migratory oceanographic preferences between life stages.

<p>Two-dimensional niches were plotted from kernel density estimations of bathymetry and chlorophyll-a concentration extracted along reconstructed trajectories of Scopoli’s shearwaters migrating from Gibraltar to winter quarters along the Western African coast. The color scale corresponds to scaled density estimation (d-min(d)/(max(d)-min(d)) for each individual life stage.</p