Effects of Lorentz invariance violation on cosmic ray photon emission and gamma ray decay processes

In this work, we use Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) introduced as a generic modification to particle dispersion relations to study some consequences of single photon emission, known as vacuum Cherenkov radiation, and photon decay processes in cosmic and gamma rays. These processes are forbidden in a Lorentz invariant theory but allowed under the hypothesis of LIV. We show that the emission rate have a dependency on the cosmic ray primary mass and the electric charge that could modify the UHECR spectrum. Furthermore, LIV dramatically enhances photon decay into an electro-positron pair above certain energy threshold. This last effect can then be used to set limits to the LIV energy scale from the direct observation of very high energy cosmic photon events by telescopes of gamma-rays.Comment: Proceedings of the 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2017), Busan, Kore

Optimizing electron backscatter diffraction of carbonate biominerals—resin type and carbon coating

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is becoming a widely used technique to determine crystallographic orientation in biogenic carbonates. Despite this use, there is little information available on preparation for the analysis of biogenic carbonates. EBSD data are compared for biogenic aragonite and calcite in the common blue mussel, <i>Mytilus edulis</i>, using different types of resin and thicknesses of carbon coating. Results indicate that carbonate biomineral samples provide better EBSD results if they are embedded in resin, particularly epoxy resin. A uniform layer of carbon of 2.5 nm thickness provides sufficient conductivity for EBSD analyses of such insulators to avoid charging without masking the diffracted signal. Diffraction intensity decreases with carbon coating thickness of 5 nm or more. This study demonstrates the importance of optimizing sample preparation for EBSD analyses of insulators such as carbonate biominerals

Assessment of crystallographic influence on material properties of calcite brachiopods

Calcium carbonate biominerals are frequently analysed in materials science due to their abundance, diversity and unique material properties. Aragonite nacre is intensively studied, but less information is available about the material properties of biogenic calcite, despite its occurrence in a wide range of structures in different organisms. In particular, there is insufficient knowledge about how preferential crystallographic orientations influence these material properties. Here, we study the influence of crystallography on material properties in calcite semi-nacre and fibres of brachiopod shells using nano-indentation and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The nano-indentation results show that calcite semi-nacre is a harder and stiffer (H {approx} 3–5 GPa; E = 50–85 GPa) biomineral structure than calcite fibres (H = 0.4–3 GPa; E = 30–60 GPa). The integration of EBSD to these studies has revealed a relationship between the crystallography and material properties at high spatial resolution for calcite semi-nacre. The presence of crystals with the c-axis perpendicular to the plane-of-view in longitudinal section increases hardness and stiffness. The present study determines how nano-indentation and EBSD can be combined to provide a detailed understanding of biomineral structures and their analysis for application in materials science

Explosive Hyperinflation, Inflation Tax Laffer Curve and Modelling the use of Money

This paper analyzes the existence of an inflation tax Laffer curve (ITLC) in the context of two standard optimizing monetary models: a cash-in-advance model and a money in the utility function model. Agents’ preferences are characterized in the two models by a constant relative risk aversion utility function. Explosive hyperinflation rules out the presence of an ITLC. In the context of a cash-in-advance economy, this paper shows that explosive hyperinflation is feasible and thus an ITLC is ruled out whenever the relative risk aversion parameter is greater than one. In the context of an optimizing model with money in the utility function, this paper firstly shows that an ITLC is ruled out. Moreover, it is shown that explosive hyperinflations are more likely when the transactions role of money is more important. However, hyperinflationary paths are not feasible in this context unless certain restrictions are imposed.inflation tax, hyperinflation, Laffer curve

Markov Switching Risk Premium and the term structure of interest rates. Empirical evidence from US post-war interest rates

This paper considers the basic present value model of interest rates under rational expectations with two additional features. First, following McCallum (1994), the model assumes a policy reaction function where changes in the short-term interest rate are determined by the long-short spread. Second, the short-term interest rate and the risk premium processes are characterized by a Markov regime-switching model. Using US post-war interest rate data, this paper finds evidence that a two-regime switching model fits the data better than the basic model. The estimation results also show the presence of two alternative states displaying quite different features.term-structure, risk premium, Markov regime-switching

Modelización matemática de procesos de transporte en carbón activo. Una aplicación práctica en automoción

En este trabajo se plantean y analizan las ecuaciones de balance de mezclas de fluidos en medios de doble porosidad. Se presta especial atención a la modelización de los fenómenos de adsorción y desorción de hidrocarburos en carbón activo. Se destaca el caso de problemas isotermos e incompresibles, en los que las ecuaciones de gobierno se reducen a una ecuación de convección - difusión - reacción acoplada con las ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias que modelizan el transporte en el interior de las partículas. A través del análisis adimensional se particulariza el modelo a diversos casos en los que varía la importancia relativa de los fenómenos físicos involucrados. Se toma como referencia la simulación del test de capacidad de trabajo. Este test es ampliamente utilizado para validar la fabricación de filtros de carbón activo. Se distinguen dos problemas: el de carga, en el que se transporta una mezcla de concentración mayor a la presente en medio inicialmente; y el de descarga, en el que se impone el paso de un fluido con concentraciones menores a las presentes en el filtro. El análisis pormenorizado del problema de carga muestra como los términos de reacción provocan la formación de frentes verticales en la solución. En este contexto se comprueba la influencia de la elección de la variable principal de trabajo en la verificación del principio general de conservación de la masa. Se muestra como una incorrecta elección produce la no verificación del mismo, y, por tanto, una incorrecta modelización matemática del proceso. El trabajo finaliza con la presentación de una simulación numérica realista de un ejemplo tridimensional.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Biomineral electron backscatter diffraction for palaeontology

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) originated in materials science and has transferred to biomineral research providing insight into fossil and modern biominerals. An electron microscopy technique, EBSD requires a fine polished sample surface where the electron beam diffracts in the first few lattice layers, identifying mineral, polymorph and crystallographic orientation. The technique is particularly well suited for the analysis of modern and fossil calcium carbonate biominerals, where it provides key insight into biological control of mineral formation such as in molluscs and brachiopods. EBSD readily identifies original and secondary mineralogy, which helps to inform our understanding of biomineral evolution such as the identification of original aragonite in Silurian trimerellid brachiopods. As a technique to identify and thus avoid the inclusion of secondary minerals in proxy organisms such as corals, EBSD can be used to ensure accuracy of palaeoproxy data. Even when fossil systems have no modern equivalents, EBSD can provide key data to determine functional mechanisms such as in the lenses of schizochroal eyes of phacopine trilobites. These few examples illustrate that EBSD is proving to be a valuable component of the palaeontology toolkit

Estructura del cinturón de pliegues y cabalgamientos de Peralta, República Dominicana

Most of the geotectonic units involved in the evolution of the Northern part of the Caribbean Plate can be identified in a geological cross-section through the southern-central part of the Hispaniola Island (South of the Dominican Republic). The cross-section includes from N to S: remnants of the old Caribbean ocean (Loma Caribe Peridotites and Duarte Fm of Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous age), rocks of the Primitive volcanic Island Arc (Lower Cretaceous), the Circum-Caribbean Island Arc (Upper Cretaceous to Eocene), the Peralta thrust and fold Belt and the Azua Neogene Basin. The structure consists of an imbricate thrust system with associated folds, vergent towards the South, that overthrusts the Azua Basin. The thrust system evolved in a forward propagating sequence. The first thrust sheets of the Circum-Caribbean Island Arc possibly formed in Upper Eocene times during sedimentation of the Ocoa Fm in the foredeep (area of the Peralta Belt). Ocoa Fm has a syntectonic character and is associated with the uplift of the Central Mountain Range. Thrusting continued through Oligocene times progressing towards the South. By Lower Miocene times, the Circum-Caribbean Island Arc overthrusts the Peralta Belt (Frontal Thrust of the Tireo Fm). Thrusting in the Peralta Belt continued until Plio-Pleistocene times, as indicated by the age of the rocks in the footwall to the Peralta Belt Frontal Thrust. From Miocene times thrusting was coeval with wrenching that progressively became the dominant tectonic style in the region. The Eocene-Oligocene sedimentary sequences of the Peralta Belt were deposited in a back-arc basin that was subsequently deformed during the change in subduction direction that took place in the northeastern part of the Caribbean Plate in Neogene times. The Neogene Peralta Thrust and Fold Belt may be caused by the indentation of the Beata Ridge into the Circum-Caribbean Island Arc. In this context, the eastern part of the Beata Ridge may have acted as a transform boundary separating the Los Muertos trench from the Peralta Belt. The Peralta Belt accumulated part or all the shortening laterally equivalent to that in Los Muertos accretionary prism