Meaning-based attentional guidance as a function of foveal and task-related cognitive loads

Published online: 05 Jun 2018The depth of parafoveal word processing depends on the amount of cognitive resources available. Whether this principle applies to the parafoveal semantic processing of multiple words remains, however, controversial. This study therefore aimed at testing the impact of the amount of cognitive resources available on the parafoveal semantic processing of words, by manipulating the foveal and task-related cognitive loads. Participants searched for words in displays of three semantically related or unrelated words, one of which was presented in the centre of the screen and two within the parafovea. The nature of the task and the characteristics of the centred word were manipulated to vary respectively the load associated to the task and to the foveal load. Analyses revealed more first saccades toward the parafoveal semantic distractors when both loads were low. These results indicate that fast parafoveal semantic word processing is constrained by the availability of cognitive resources.This work was supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad [grant number PSI2016-79624-P]; Direction Générale de l'Armement [grant number 2013.60.0019]

Exploring the temporal dynamics of speech production with EEG and group ICA

Speech production is a complex skill whose neural implementation relies on a large number of different regions in the brain. How neural activity in these different regions varies as a function of time during the production of speech remains poorly understood. Previous MEG studies on this topic have concluded that activity proceeds from posterior to anterior regions of the brain in a sequential manner. Here we tested this claim using the EEG technique. Specifically, participants performed a picture naming task while their naming latencies and scalp potentials were recorded. We performed group temporal Independent Component Analysis (group tICA) to obtain temporally independent component timecourses and their corresponding topographic maps. We identified fifteen components whose estimated neural sources were located in various areas of the brain. The trial-by-trial component timecourses were predictive of the naming latency, implying their involvement in the task. Crucially, we computed the degree of concurrent activity of each component timecourse to test whether activity was sequential or parallel. Our results revealed that these fifteen distinct neural sources exhibit largely concurrent activity during speech production. These results suggest that speech production relies on neural activity that takes place in parallel networks of distributed neural sources

Reacciones adversas de las drogas hipolipemiantes

At present several drugs are used for the treatment of dyslipidemias. Taking this into consideration, a literature review was made aimed at collecting all the adverse reactions of these drugs. It was found that such effects are diverse and have very specific characteristics. Those most frequently observed are the gastrointestinal disorders and the malabsorption of vitamins. Some of these widely used drugs can produce myositis and alterations of the hepatic function, which are more severe when fibril acid derivatives are associated with inhibitors HMG-Coa. Another significant effect found was the interaction with anticoagulants. The existance in our country of a product that reduces cholesterol with mild and unfrequent adverse effects in also dealt with in this paper.En la actualidad son utilizados múltiples medicamentos para el tratamiento de las dislipidemias. Teniendo esto en cuenta, hicimos una revisión de la literatura, con el objetivo de recopilar las reacciones adversas de estos fármacos, donde encontramos que estos efectos son diversos y muy característicos. Los más frecuentemente observados son los trastornos gastrointestinales, mala absorción de vitaminas y algunos medicamentos de amplio uso; además, son capaces de producir miositis y alteraciones de la función hepática las cuales eran más severas cuando se asociaban los derivados del ácido fíbrico con los inhibidores de la HMG - CoA. Otro efecto significativo encontrado fue la interacción con los anticoagulantes; también exponemos la existencia en nuestro país de un producto que disminuye el colesterol con efectos adversos leves y poco frecuentes

Computational Aided Acetaminophen – Phthalic Acid Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Design for Analytical Determination of Known and New Developed Recreational Drugs

This is a manuscript version of the article.[Abstract] In recent times, abuse drug consumption rates have been increasing. In addition, authorities have detected a trend in the development of new substances expressly created to avoid legislation. These novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are non-registered formulations, closely chemically related to outlawed ones to maintain the same psychotropic effects while circumventing legal restrictions. This issue arises enormous social, sanitary, and road safety problems since there is no way to detect nor quantify these non-registered substances. The aim of this work is the development of a high selective material able to pre-concentrate and detect NPS. On that account, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) designed with an imprinted cavity that matches the cathinones structural shape were proposed to detect both conventional and new cathinone derived recreational drugs. The increasing number of illicit drug modifications that is being reported requires developing a receptor valid for not only known molecules but also for incoming ones; thus, a virtual procedure must be carried out to take a step forward towards future modifications. Accordingly, a computational MIP design is proposed as the most appropriated method to effectively design this receptor. By means of molecular dynamics and molecular docking, several combinations are studied regarding their pre-polymerization complex stability but also their rebinding capacity against the proposed analytes. Hence, a phthalic acid – acetaminophen MIP is selected as the most well-suited receptor, valid for current and forthcoming cathinone recreational drugs.Authors wish to thank Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad) for the financial support through the research project CTQ2016-80473-P cofinanced with FEDER (UE) programm

Marketing Digital El emprendimiento y la innovación de las tiendas en linea, la nueva dirección del mercado

En los últimos años la economía del mundo actual ha vivido unos cambios que han hecho que muchas personas, empresas u organizaciones se pregunten sobre la gran importancia del mercadeo en la actualidad. Esto se debe a la influencia de la globalización y las nuevas tecnologías, ya que el crecimiento de las anteriormente nombradas es inmensurable y no se detiene, sino por el contrario cada vez más fuerte y necesario. Con la evolución del mundo y sus nuevas tecnologías, apareció lo que hoy en día llamamos el marketing digital, el cual es el uso o la aplicación de las estrategias de comercialización del mercadeo llevadas a cabo en los medios digitales, este tema es lo que hoy en día está revolucionando el mercado y por lo tanto debe ser estudiado e implementado por todas las empresas sin importar su tamaño o mercado. La finalidad de esta investigación es conocer cómo influye el marketing digital, la innovación y el emprendedurismo en las tiendas en línea en dirección al mercadeo, aplicando instrumentos de captación de información para lograr obtener conocimientos necesarios que ayudaran a comprender sobre la correcta utilización del marketing digital. Con la ayuda de fuentes acreditas como libros o páginas web se elabora el presente documento que servirá como orientación necesaria al lector

Thorough characterization and stability of HP-beta-cyclodextrin thymol inclusion complexes prepared by microwave technology: A required approach to a successful application in food

BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to obtain a stable dry powder formulation of cyclodextrins (CDs) encapsulating thymol, for a successful application as an ingredient at industrial scale, as well as, to characterize the thymol-CDs complexes by different techniques. RESULTS Thymol was successfully solubilized in aqueous solutions and the Kc value increased with the pH of the media until neutral pH, obtaining the highest values (2583 ± 176 L mol-1) for HP-β-cyclodextrins (HP-β-CDs). The best encapsulation efficiency of thymol in solid complexes was obtained using the microwave (MWI) encapsulation method. The different characterization techniques have demonstrated the affinity of HP-β-CDs to thymol molecules, forming stable complexes. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained support the use of the MWI method in the preparation of solid HP- β-CD-thymol complexes, due to the greater encapsulation efficiency and technological and economic advantages for industrial applications.RTC-2015-3321-2, 18946/JLI/13, 012-ABEL CM-2014ACiencias de la Alimentació

¿Podemos doblar la luz? Actividades experimentales para estudiar la trayectoria de la luz en el aula secundaria

El presente trabajo sintetiza una actividad experimental sobre la enseñanza de la luz y sus propiedades como ondas electromagnéticas en el aula de la escuela media. Por medio de una serie de dispositivos caseros se pueden realizar experiencias con el haz de luz de un puntero láser. Los diseños presentados permiten abordar experiencias agiles, atractivas y acordes al nivel de la enseñanza a que va dirigidas. Una característica a tener en cuenta es que tanto el estudiante como el docente puedan manipular estos dispositivos con seguridad y construirlos con bajo costo. Además se presenta una serie de preguntas implementadas por los autores para que los estudiantes realicen una actividad experimental de indagaciones sobre la naturaleza de la luz

Yo pongo, tu pones, todos ponen para ayudar a las familias de nuestra comunidad

Objetivo: gestionar la creación y puesta en marcha de una red de apoyo intersectorial, cuyo fin es brindar soporte y contribuir a la solución de la problemática de las familias. Materiales y Métodos: estudio descriptivo, llevado a cabo en 42 familias, 15 líderes comunitarios y representantes de 8 instituciones y 11 trabajadores del centro de salud de un  barrio de estratos 1 y 2 de la ciudad de Bucaramanga.  Se aplicó un formato de valoración por dominios de la Asociación Norteamericana de Diagnósticos de Enfermería (NANDA) para identificar la problemática de las familias. El procesamiento de los datos, se realizó en Excel mediante la obtención de frecuencias y promedios para su posterior análisis. Resultados: se logró la creación y puesta en marcha de la red de apoyo, conformada por ocho instituciones del sector,con la cual se abordaron problemáticas como: inasistencia a programas de promoción y prevención, drogadicción, violencia intrafamiliar, embarazos en adolescentes. Conclusiones: la articulación interinstitucional y la conformación de redes de apoyo logran mejores efectos a nivel económico, social, espiritual, físico y psicológico, contribuyendo a la salud familiar. Asimismo, contribuye al desarrollo personal, profesional, liderazgo y construcción del conocimiento, propios de enfermería familiar como eje de abordaje en la salud pública.Palabras clave: Apoyo social, enfermería, atención primaria, gestiónI contribute, you contribute, we all contribute to help families of our communityAbstractGoal: To manage the creation and implementation of a network of cross sector support, which aims to provide support and contribute to the solution of the problems of families. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted in 42 families, 15 community leaders and representatives of eight institutions and 11 health center workers in a district of 1 and 2 statuses in the city of Bucaramanga. It was used the Format for valuation domains of the American Association of Nursing Diagnoses (NANDA) to identify the problems of families. The data processing was performed in Excel by obtaining frequencies and averages for further analysis. Results: Absence from promotion and prevention programs, drug addiction, domestic violence, teen pregnancy: the creation and implementation of the support network, consisting of eight institutions in the sector, which addressed issues as was achieved. Conclusions: interagency coordination and the creation of support networks achieve better effects in economic, social, spiritual, physical and psychological level, contributing to family health. It also contributes to personal, professional, leadership and knowledge. building, typical of family nursing as axis approach to public health.Keywords: social support, nursing, primary care management Trago, você traz todos contribuem para ajudar as famílias da nossa comunidadeResumo Objetivo: Gerenciar a criação e implementação de uma rede de apoio intersetorial, que visa dar apoio e contribuir para a solução dos problemas das famílias. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo descritivo, realizado em 42 famílias, 15 líderes comunitários e representantes de oito instituições e 11 trabalhadores de centros de saúde no distrito de níveis 1 e 2, na cidade de Bucaramanga. Formato foi utilizada para domínios de avaliação da Associação Americana de Diagnósticos de Enfermagem (NANDA) para identificar os problemas das famílias. O processamento dos dados foi realizada no Excel através da obtenção de freqüências e médias para análise posterior. Resultados: Ausência de programas de promoção e prevenção, toxicodependência, violência doméstica, gravidez na adolescência: a criação e implementação da rede de apoio, constituída por oito instituições do setor, que abordou temas como foi conseguido. Conclusões: a coordenação interinstitucional ea criação de redes de apoio alcançar melhores efeitos em nível econômico, social, espiritual, física e psicológica, contribuindo para a saúde da família. Também contribui para a pessoal, profissional, liderança e construção do conhecimento, típico de enfermagem de família como eixo abordagem à saúde pública.Palavras-chave: apoio social, enfermagem, gestão de cuidados de saúde primário

Molecular method for the characterization of Coxiella burnetii from clinical and environmental samples: variability of genotypes in Spain

BACKGROUND: Coxiella burnetii is a highly clonal microorganism which is difficult to culture, requiring BSL3 conditions for its propagation. This leads to a scarce availability of isolates worldwide. On the other hand, published methods of characterization have delineated up to 8 different genomic groups and 36 genotypes. However, all these methodologies, with the exception of one that exhibited limited discriminatory power (3 genotypes), rely on performing between 10 and 20 PCR amplifications or sequencing long fragments of DNA, which make their direct application to clinical samples impracticable and leads to a scarce accessibility of data on the circulation of C. burnetii genotypes. RESULTS: To assess the variability of this organism in Spain, we have developed a novel method that consists of a multiplex (8 targets) PCR and hybridization with specific probes that reproduce the previous classification of this organism into 8 genomic groups, and up to 16 genotypes. It allows for a direct characterization from clinical and environmental samples in a single run, which will help in the study of the different genotypes circulating in wild and domestic cycles as well as from sporadic human cases and outbreaks. The method has been validated with reference isolates. A high variability of C. burnetii has been found in Spain among 90 samples tested, detecting 10 different genotypes, being those adaA negative associated with acute Q fever cases presenting as fever of intermediate duration with liver involvement and with chronic cases. Genotypes infecting humans are also found in sheep, goats, rats, wild boar and ticks, and the only genotype found in cattle has never been found among our clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS: This newly developed methodology has permitted to demonstrate that C. burnetii is highly variable in Spain. With the data presented here, cattle seem not to participate in the transmission of C. burnetii to humans in the samples studied, while sheep, goats, wild boar, rats and ticks share genotypes with the human population

Diverse Large HIV-1 Non-subtype B Clusters Are Spreading Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Spain

In Western Europe, the HIV-1 epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) is dominated by subtype B. However, recently, other genetic forms have been reported to circulate in this population, as evidenced by their grouping in clusters predominantly comprising European individuals. Here we describe four large HIV-1 non-subtype B clusters spreading among MSM in Spain. Samples were collected in 9 regions. A pol fragment was amplified from plasma RNA or blood-extracted DNA. Phylogenetic analyses were performed via maximum likelihood, including database sequences of the same genetic forms as the identified clusters. Times and locations of the most recent common ancestors (MRCA) of clusters were estimated with a Bayesian method. Five large non-subtype B clusters associated with MSM were identified. The largest one, of F1 subtype, was reported previously. The other four were of CRF02_AG (CRF02_1; n = 115) and subtypes A1 (A1_1; n = 66), F1 (F1_3; n = 36), and C (C_7; n = 17). Most individuals belonging to them had been diagnosed of HIV-1 infection in the last 10 years. Each cluster comprised viruses from 3 to 8 Spanish regions and also comprised or was related to viruses from other countries: CRF02_1 comprised a Japanese subcluster and viruses from 8 other countries from Western Europe, Asia, and South America; A1_1 comprised viruses from Portugal, United Kingom, and United States, and was related to the A1 strain circulating in Greece, Albania and Cyprus; F1_3 was related to viruses from Romania; and C_7 comprised viruses from Portugal and was related to a virus from Mozambique. A subcluster within CRF02_1 was associated with heterosexual transmission. Near full-length genomes of each cluster were of uniform genetic form. Times of MRCAs of CRF02_1, A1_1, F1_3, and C_7 were estimated around 1986, 1989, 2013, and 1983, respectively. MRCA locations for CRF02_1 and A1_1 were uncertain (however initial expansions in Spain in Madrid and Vigo, respectively, were estimated) and were most probable in Bilbao, Spain, for F1_3 and Portugal for C_7. These results show that the HIV-1 epidemic among MSM in Spain is becoming increasingly diverse through the expansion of diverse non-subtype B clusters, comprising or related to viruses circulating in other countries.This work was funded through Acción Estratégica en Salud Intramural (AESI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, project “Estudios sobre vigilancia epidemiológica molecular del VIH-1 en España,” PI16CIII/00033; Red de Investigación en SIDA (RIS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Plan Nacional I+D+I, project RD16ISCIII/0002/0004; scientific agreements with Consellería de Sanidade, Government of Galicia (MVI 1004/16) and Osakidetza-Servicio Vasco de Salud, Government of Basque Country (MVI 1001/16); European Research Infrastructures for Poverty Related Diseases (EURIPRED). Seventh Framework Program: FP7-Capacities-infrastructures-2012-1, grant agreement 312661; and Dirección General de Farmacia, Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, Government of Spain (grant EC11-272).S