Impact of Technology Spreading on MEMS design Robustness

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The eck fistula in animals and humans

In all species so far studied, including man, portacaval shunt causes the same changes in liver morphology, including hepatocyte atrophy, fatty infiltration, deglycogenation, depletion and disorganization of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and its lining polyribosomes and variable but less specific damage to other organelles. Many, perhaps all, biosynthetic processes are quickly depressed, largely secondary to the selective damage to the RER, which is the "factory" of the cell. These structural and metabolic changes in the liver after portal diversion are caused by the diversion around the liver of the hepatotrophic substances in portal venous blood, of which endogenous insulin is the most important. In experimental animals, the injury of Eck's fistula can be prevented by infusing insulin into the tied-off hilar portal vein. The subtle but far-reaching changes in hepatic function after portal diversion have made it possible to use this procedure in palliating three inborn errors of metabolism: glycogen storage disease, familial hypercholesterolemia, and α1-antitrypsin deficiency In these three diseases, the abnormalities caused by portal diversion have counteracted abnormalities in the patients that were caused by the inborn errors. In these diseases, amelioration of the inborn errors depends on the completeness of the portal diversion. In contrast, total portal diversion to treat complications of portal hypertension is undesirable and always will degrade hepatic function if a significant amount of hepatopetal portal venous blood is taken from the liver. When total portal diversion is achieved (and this is to be expected after all conventional shunts), the incidence of hepatic failure and hepatic encephalopathy is increased. If portal diversion must be done for the control of variceal hemorrhage, a selective procedure such as the Warren procedure is theoretically superior to the completely diverting shunt. In practice, better patient survival has not been achieved after selective shunts than after conventional shunts, but the incidence of hepatic encephalopathy has been less. © 1983 Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc

Que signifient les variations du dollar pour un grand acteur multinational ?

The Effects of the Dollar's Variations for a Multinational Company Having described the different channels (profits, balance sheets and market value) through which the multinational actors are affected by the variations of the dollar, the authors recall that the structural exposure of the insurance companies to the currency risk, even if limited by specific characteristics, is far from being negligible. Then, they detail the hedging strategy of the Axa group, whose net worth is for an important part in foreign currencies, mainly dollars, and whose half of the profits are realized in foreign currencies (25% dollars). Since 2001, the exposure of Axa to the currency risk is hedged by a voluntary and multicriteria strategy, closely monitored by governance mechanisms. Classification JEL : F23, F31, G12, G22Après avoir décrit les canaux (profits, bilans et valeur de marché) par lesquels les grands acteurs multinationaux sont impactés par les variations du dollar, les auteurs rappellent que si certaines caractéristiques des compagnies d'assurance limitent leur exposition structurelle au risque de change, celle-ci n'en reste pas moins non négligeable. Ils détaillent ensuite la stratégie de couverture du groupe Axa dont une part importante de la valeur d'actif net est libellée en devises autres que l'euro, surtout en dollars, et dont environ 50 % des résultats sont réalisés en devises (25 % en dollars). Depuis 2001, l'exposition du groupe au risque de change est couverte par une stratégie volontariste et multivolets, étroitement pilotée et contrôlée par des mécanismes de gouvernance. Classification JEL : F23, F31, G12, G22Duverne Denis, Oudea-Castera Amélie. Que signifient les variations du dollar pour un grand acteur multinational ? . In: Revue d'économie financière, n°94, 2009. Dollar : fin de règne ? pp. 117-133

Effects of input bias on different Commercial Technological lines of CMOS inverters with respect to the cumulated dose

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Use of the radiation induced charge neutralization mechanism to achieve annealing of complex electronics devices

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Use of the radiation induced charge neutralization mechanism to achieve annealing of complex electronics devices

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Experimental Analysis of recombination and neutralization of radiation induced charges, using Isochronal Annealing

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