El plancton de las lagunas de gravera y el fósforo : el enriquecimiento de las paradojas

Durante las últimas décadas se han formulado explícitamente varias hipótesis sobre el funcionamiento de las comunidades pelágicas lacustres en relación con el enriquecimiento en fósforo. Entre ellas, se cuentan: 1ª) la relación directa entre fósforo y biomasa planctónica, 2ª) los máximos de la riqueza específica planctónica a niveles intermedios de fósforo, 3ª) la desestabilización de los grupos funcionales de la red trófica debida al enriquecimiento en fósforo (ó "paradoja del enriquecimiento"), 4ª) el hecho de que la biomasa planctónica en todos los niveles sea el resultado de la interacción entre el recurso limitante (el fósforo, en este caso) y la red trófica encabezada por los peces ictiófagos, y 5ª) la marcada influencia del enriquecimiento y de los peces ictiófagos sobre el espectro de tamaños planctónicos. Con objeto de comprobar estas hipótesis, realizamos un estudio estacional durante año y medio sobre el plancton de 16 lagunas de gravera situadas en el valle del río Jarama (Madrid), las cuales presentan un gradiente claro de fósforo total promedio (36-2500 μg P/L) y pueden o no albergar peces ictiófagos, aunque casi todas tengan ciprínidos. La 1ª hipótesis sólo se cumplió para bacterias, fitoplancton y rotíferos, pero no para las restantes comunidades planctónicas. La 2ª hipótesis se refutó, pues los máximos de riqueza específica se presentaron en las lagunas hipertróficas. La 3ª hipótesis no se comprobó y, en el caso de bacterias y fitoplancton consumible por herbívoros, tuvo lugar una estabilización de los mismos con el aumento de fósforo; probablemente, el efecto estabilizador de la omnivoría debida a copépodos y a ciprínidos fuera el responsable de este resultado. Los peces ictiófagos afectaron favorablemente a la biomasa de cladóceros, no alcanzando su efecto a los niveles inferiores de la red, controlados claramente por el fósforo, lo cual prestó apoyo a la idea de la interacción entre fuerzas ascendentes y descendentes de la red trófica, pero refutó la idea de la cascada trófica. Tanto el fósforo como los peces ictiófagos influyeron sobre el espectro de tamaños de modo antagónico, lo cual complicó la 5ª hipótesis. La conclusión general de este ejercicio de contraste de hipótesis es -además de la obvia de continuar investigando las redes tróficas planctónicas- que necesitamos hipótesis más globales en apoyo epistemológico de este enriquecimiento de las paradojas que hemos observado.Several hypotheses have been outlined on the relationship of lake communities and phosphorus enrichment in recent years. Some of them are the following: i) a positive relationship between phosphorus and planktonic biomass, ii) species richness peaks at intermediate phosphorus concentrations, iii) the destabilisation of food web functional groups arising from phosphorus enrichment (called the paradox of enrichment), iv) the plankton biomass as the outcome of interactions between the limiting resource (phosphorus in most lakes) and the food web, and v) the remarkable influence of phosphorus enrichment and piscivorous fish on planktonic size spectra. To test these hypotheses, we carried out a seasonal study on plankton communities of sixteen gravel-pit lakes for fifteen months in the river Jarama plain (Madrid, Central Spain). These lakes showed a wide range of average phosphorus contents (36-2500 μg P/L), piscivorous fish lived in some of them and most harbour benthic, omnivorous ciprinids. Hypothesis i was only demonstrated for bacteria, phytoplankton and rotifers. Hypothesis ii was refuted since species richness peaks occurred in hypertrophic lakes. Hypothesis iii was not supported by our data, and we even found a stabilisation of bacterial and edible phytoplankton populations along with phosphorus enrichment, such a stabilisation being a likely result of omnivory by copepods and ciprinids. As expected, piscivorous fish influenced cladoceran and bacterial density whereas phosphorus enrichment increased phytoplankton biomass, but the top-down effect did not affect phytoplankton, rotifers and copepods, thus supporting the bottom-up:top-down model against the trophic cascade model. Both phosphorus and piscivorous fish impinged on planktonic size spectra, albeit in an antagonistic way, and hence hypothesis v must be made more comprehensive. In addition to the obvious necessity of further studies on planktonic food webs, this exercise of hypothesis testing suggests that more comprehensive hypotheses should be built to support epistemologically the enrichment of paradox observed

Contribution of the Microbial Communities Detected on an Oil Painting on Canvas to Its Biodeterioration

In this study, we investigated the microbial community (bacteria and fungi) colonising an oil painting on canvas, which showed visible signs of biodeterioration. A combined strategy, comprising culture-dependent and -independent techniques, was selected. The results derived from the two techniques were disparate. Most of the isolated bacterial strains belonged to related species of the phylum Firmicutes, as Bacillus sp. and Paenisporosarcina sp., whereas the majority of the non-cultivable members of the bacterial community were shown to be related to species of the phylum Proteobacteria, as Stenotrophomonas sp. Fungal communities also showed discrepancies: the isolated fungal strains belonged to different genera of the order Eurotiales, as Penicillium and Eurotium, and the non-cultivable belonged to species of the order Pleosporales and Saccharomycetales. The cultivable microorganisms, which exhibited enzymatic activities related to the deterioration processes, were selected to evaluate their biodeteriorative potential on canvas paintings; namely Arthrobacter sp. as the representative bacterium and Penicillium sp. as the representative fungus. With this aim, a sample taken from the painting studied in this work was examined to determine the stratigraphic sequence of its cross-section. From this information, “mock paintings,” simulating the structure of the original painting, were prepared, inoculated with the selected bacterial and fungal strains, and subsequently examined by micro-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, in order to determine their potential susceptibility to microbial degradation. The FTIR-spectra revealed that neither Arthrobacter sp. nor Penicillium sp. alone, were able to induce chemical changes on the various materials used to prepare “mock paintings.” Only when inoculated together, could a synergistic effect on the FTIR-spectra be observed, in the form of a variation in band position on the spectrum.The FTIR analyses performed in this study were financed by the Junta de Andalucía (RNM-325 group). The molecular analyses performed in this study were financed by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) project ‘Hertha-Firnberg T137’ and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project CTQ2008-06727-C03-03). G. Piñar also thanks the “Elise-Richter V194-B20” projects

SARS-CoV-2 viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs is not an independent predictor of unfavorable outcome

The aim was to assess the ability of nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load at first patient’s hospital evaluation to predict unfavorable outcomes. We conducted a prospective cohort study including 321 adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 through RT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs. Quantitative Synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA cycle threshold values were used to calculate the viral load in log10 copies/mL. Disease severity at the end of follow up was categorized into mild, moderate, and severe. Primary endpoint was a composite of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and/or death (n = 85, 26.4%). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load over the second quartile (≥ 7.35 log10 copies/mL, p = 0.003) and second tertile (≥ 8.27 log10 copies/mL, p = 0.01) were associated to unfavorable outcome in the unadjusted logistic regression analysis. However, in the final multivariable analysis, viral load was not independently associated with an unfavorable outcome. Five predictors were independently associated with increased odds of ICU admission and/or death: age ≥ 70 years, SpO2, neutrophils > 7.5 × 103/µL, lactate dehydrogenase ≥ 300 U/L, and C-reactive protein ≥ 100 mg/L. In summary, nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load on admission is generally high in patients with COVID-19, regardless of illness severity, but it cannot be used as an independent predictor of unfavorable clinical outcome

Dendritic cell deficiencies persist seven months after SARS-CoV-2 infection

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infection induces an exacerbated inflammation driven by innate immunity components. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the defense against viral infections, for instance plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), have the capacity to produce vast amounts of interferon-alpha (IFN-α). In COVID-19 there is a deficit in DC numbers and IFN-α production, which has been associated with disease severity. In this work, we described that in addition to the DC deficiency, several DC activation and homing markers were altered in acute COVID-19 patients, which were associated with multiple inflammatory markers. Remarkably, previously hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients remained with decreased numbers of CD1c+ myeloid DCs and pDCs seven months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, the expression of DC markers such as CD86 and CD4 were only restored in previously nonhospitalized patients, while no restoration of integrin β7 and indoleamine 2,3-dyoxigenase (IDO) levels were observed. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the immunological sequelae of COVID-19

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

Meeting abstrac

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio