BIOMASS ENERGETIC POTENTIAL FROM TIMBER HARVESTING AT DIFFERENT TIMES OF STORAGE

 This research aimed to characterize the energetic potential of chips of biomass residues from timber harvesting, stored outdoors in the field and indoors in the industry throughout different storage times, in order to improve the potential of the materials for energy generation. The study was performed in operational areas of a forestry company located in the Northeast region of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, in a Pinus taeda stand. Chips stored in the different storage types were evaluated at the times of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days, according to the following physical and chemical parameters: moisture content, calorific value, and ash content. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and to the Tukey’s post hoc means comparison test at 95% of probability. The results showed that the lowest moisture content was obtained in chips stored indoors for 60 days, whereas for chips stored outdoors the lowest moisture content occurred at 30 days. The chips stored outdoors for 30 days showed a higher calorific value of 4,792 Kcal.Kg-1, whereas chips stored indoors for 60 days had calorific value equivalent to the other storage times, 4,706 Kcal.Kg-1. Regarding the ash content, the best storage time for chips stored outdoors was 30 days, presenting an average ash content of 0.9%. Meanwhile, in the indoors storage, the ash content of the chips remained at low levels throughout the evaluated period. The indoor chip storage has proven to be the best option for use of biomass residues from timber harvesting for energy purposes.

Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds

Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the world’s oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with individual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species

Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds

Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the world's oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with individual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species.B.L.C., C.H., and A.M. were funded by the Cambridge Conservation Initiative’s Collaborative Fund sponsored by the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation. E.J.P. was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council C-CLEAR doctoral training programme (Grant no. NE/S007164/1). We are grateful to all those who assisted with the collection and curation of tracking data. Further details are provided in the Supplementary Acknowledgements. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Peer reviewe

Global assessment of marine plastic exposure risk for oceanic birds

Plastic pollution is distributed patchily around the world’s oceans. Likewise, marine organisms that are vulnerable to plastic ingestion or entanglement have uneven distributions. Understanding where wildlife encounters plastic is crucial for targeting research and mitigation. Oceanic seabirds, particularly petrels, frequently ingest plastic, are highly threatened, and cover vast distances during foraging and migration. However, the spatial overlap between petrels and plastics is poorly understood. Here we combine marine plastic density estimates with individual movement data for 7137 birds of 77 petrel species to estimate relative exposure risk. We identify high exposure risk areas in the Mediterranean and Black seas, and the northeast Pacific, northwest Pacific, South Atlantic and southwest Indian oceans. Plastic exposure risk varies greatly among species and populations, and between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Exposure risk is disproportionately high for Threatened species. Outside the Mediterranean and Black seas, exposure risk is highest in the high seas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of the USA, Japan, and the UK. Birds generally had higher plastic exposure risk outside the EEZ of the country where they breed. We identify conservation and research priorities, and highlight that international collaboration is key to addressing the impacts of marine plastic on wide-ranging species

As tensoes existentes entre interesse privado e interesse social na proteçao jurídica das cultivares

This study aims to understand the exceptions to the legal protection of crops as opposed to the individual character of intellectual property. For this purpose, it will be addressed in the first instance, the existing international movement around the regulation of creations of human creativity. Secondly, it will be addressed to the social function of property, which permeates all forms of ownership in Brazilian law, including intellectual property. Finally, the last chapter will treat-the exceptions to legal protection of cultivars and their importance to small farmers. To work out, it was possible to consider the inclusion of provisions that break with the purely individual nature of the protection of the cultivars is very important, in that the compliance with the social function of property is constitutional law in this country. We used the deductive and monographic methods and literature technique in secondary sources.O presente trabalho objetiva compreender as exceções à proteção jurídica das cultivares enquanto contraponto ao caráter individual da propriedade intelectual. Para tanto, será abordado, num primeiro momento, o movimento internacional existente em torno da regulamentação das criações da criatividade humana. Num segundo momento, abordar-se-á a função social da propriedade, que permeia toda e qualquer forma de propriedade no direito brasileiro, inclusive a propriedade intelectual. Por fim, no último capítulo, tratar-se-á das exceções à proteção jurídica das cultivares e da importância delas para os pequenos agricultores. Ao cabo do trabalho, foi possível considerar que a inserção de disposições que rompam com o caráter puramente individual da proteção das cultivares é de suma importância, na medida em que o atendimento à função social da propriedade é mandamento constitucional neste país. Utilizou-se dos métodos dedutivo e monográfico e a técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica em fontes secundárias

I+D y rentabilidad empresarial: una relación circular en el sector farmacéutico

La industria farmacéutica se caracteriza por el esfuerzo en I+D. El desarrollo de nuevos medicamentos aporta a un laboratorio una ventaja competitiva frente a los demás, que ulteriormente generará unos resultados superiores a la media del sector industrial. Estos mejores resultados revertirán posteriormente en el destino de un mayor flujo de fondos monetarios a los procesos de investigación y desarrollo de nuevos medicamentos. Se produce así una relación circular positiva entre innovación y resultados, que es el objetivo de este estudio. En este contexto, la principal aportación de este trabajo consiste en la aplicación de un modelo de ecuaciones que permite analizar esa relación circular de forma simultánea