212 research outputs found
Strukturerad bevisvÀrdering eller ren gissningslek? En studie av tingsrÀtternas bevisvÀrdering vid vÄldtÀkt Är 2012
Domstolens bevisvĂ€rdering, att vĂ€rdera fakta i ett mĂ„l, Ă€r ett av de mest vĂ€sentliga momenten inom rĂ€ttsskipningen. BevisvĂ€rderingen regleras huvudsakligen genom den fria bevisprövningens princip i 35 kap. 1 § BrB. BestĂ€mmelsen Ă€r utformad som en generalklausul och lĂ€mnar ett relativt stort spelrum för hur domstolen ska genomföra sin bevisvĂ€rdering. VĂ„ldtĂ€kt regleras i 6 kap. 1 § BrB och Ă€r ett brott som vĂ„llar sĂ€rskild bevisproblematik. Detta beror pĂ„ att teknisk bevisning och vittnen ofta saknas. Bevisningen bestĂ„r ofta enbart av mĂ„lsĂ€gandens och den tilltalades oförenliga utsagor. HD har i rĂ€ttspraxis uttalat att det faktum att bevisningen i mĂ„nga sexualmĂ„l huvudsakligen utgörs av mĂ„lsĂ€gandens utsaga inte hindrar att bevisningen Ă€ndĂ„ kan anses tillrĂ€cklig för fĂ€llande dom. Centralt för domstolen blir dĂ€rför ofta att bedöma trovĂ€rdigheten och tillförlitligheten av parternas utsagor. Syftet med uppsatsen var att lyfta fram vĂ„ldtĂ€ktsbrottet i förhĂ„llande till dess sĂ€rskilda bevisproblematik och att belysa hur domstolens bevisvĂ€rdering gĂ„r till. Syftet mynnade ut i följande frĂ„gestĂ€llningar; vilka omstĂ€ndigheter beaktar domstolen och vilka regler har den att förhĂ„lla sig till vid sin bevisvĂ€rdering i ett vĂ„ldtĂ€ktsmĂ„l? Vilka bevissvĂ„righeter finns i ett vĂ„ldtĂ€ktsmĂ„l? Ăr domstolens bevisvĂ€rdering vid vĂ„ldtĂ€ktsbrotten tillfredsstĂ€llande eller kan den förbĂ€ttras? Uppsatsens inledande och teoretiska del har genomförts med en traditionell rĂ€ttsdogmatisk metod vilket innebĂ€r att gĂ€llande rĂ€tt har tolkats utifrĂ„n lag, förarbeten och praxis. Uppsatsens senare del Ă€r av mer praktisk karaktĂ€r dĂ€r materialet analyserats och bearbetats genom en rĂ€ttsfallsstudie som bestĂ„tt i att samtliga tingsrĂ€ttsavgöranden rörande vĂ„ldtĂ€kt för Ă„r 2012 studerats. Av rĂ€ttsfallsstudiens 169 avgöranden ogillades Ă„talet i 36 % av fallen. GĂ€rningsmĂ€nnen var i 99 % av fallen mĂ€n och offren var i 98 % av fallen kvinnor. VĂ„ldtĂ€kterna delades i studien upp i tre kategorier med hĂ€nsyn till relationen mellan gĂ€rningsman och offer; vĂ„ldtĂ€kt i nĂ€ra relation, vĂ„ldtĂ€kt av ytligt bekant och vĂ„ldtĂ€kt av obekant. Enligt studien var vĂ„ldtĂ€kt av ytligt bekant den vanligast förekommande. Samtliga fall dĂ€r domstolen bedömt mĂ„lsĂ€ganden som icke trovĂ€rdig ledde till friande domar och samtliga fall dĂ€r domstolen bedömt mĂ„lsĂ€gandens uppgifter som icke tillförlitliga ledde till friande domar. Slutsatserna som jag kommit fram till Ă€r som följer. Domstolen Ă€r relativt fri i sin bevisvĂ€rdering. Den fria bevisprövningens princip Ă€r utformad som en generalklausul och ger endast domstolen en fingervisning om hur bevisvĂ€rderingen ska ske. Domstolen ska pröva allt som Ă€r bevisat i mĂ„let och bevissvĂ„righeterna beror ofta pĂ„ att det saknas teknisk bevisning och vittnen. Det har föreslagits en sĂ€nkning av beviskravet i sexualmĂ„l för att kunna öka andelen fĂ€llande domar, nĂ„got som jag Ă€r negativ till. En sĂ€nkning av beviskravet hade allvarligt Ă€ventyrat rĂ€ttssĂ€kerheten. För att komma Ă„t de fall som inte nĂ„r upp till vĂ„ldtĂ€ktsbestĂ€mmelsens krav pĂ„ vĂ„ld eller hot har det föreslagits en Ă€ndring innebĂ€rande att bestĂ€mmelsen blir samtyckesbaserad. Jag anser inte att denna Ă€ndring bör genomföras framförallt med anledning av att alltför mycket fokus genom detta hade hamnat pĂ„ offret och dennes sexualitet. Jag tror att en del av problematiken och oklarheterna kring bevisvĂ€rderingen i vĂ„ldtĂ€ktsmĂ„l istĂ€llet hade kunnat lösas om domstolarna skrev utförligare domskĂ€l som tydligare motiverade hur bevisvĂ€rderingen genomförts. Sexualbrottslagstiftningen har kritiserats hĂ„rt men jag tror att det Ă€r viktigt att skilja pĂ„ lagstiftarens intentioner och rĂ€ttsvĂ€sendets tillĂ€mpning. Jag tror att problemet bestĂ„r i en oklar rĂ€ttstillĂ€mpning snarare Ă€n en bristande lagstiftning och att problemet dĂ€rmed angripits frĂ„n fel hĂ„ll. Jag tror vidare att det Ă€r viktigare att satsa pĂ„ kvalitet Ă€n kvantitet. IstĂ€llet för att fokusera pĂ„ att öka andelen fĂ€llande vĂ„ldtĂ€ktsdomar borde fokus ligga pĂ„ att bevisvĂ€rderingen i vĂ„ldtĂ€ktsmĂ„len genomförs pĂ„ ett sĂ„ korrekt och rĂ€ttssĂ€kert sĂ€tt som möjligt.The Courts assessment of the evidence, to evaluate facts in a case, is one of the most essential steps in the administration of justice. The assessment of evidence is regulated mainly by the âfree proof of principle trialâ in chapter 35 § 1 of the Code of Judicial Procedure . The regulation is designed as a general clause, leaving a relatively large scope for the Court to implement its assessment of the evidence. Rape is regulated in chapter 6 § 1 of the Code of Judicial Procedure and itÂŽs a crime that causes problems of proof. The reasons are the lack of technical evidence and witnesses. The evidence often consists solely of the plaintiff and the defendant's inconsistent statements. The Supreme Court has in case law stated that the fact that the evidence in rape cases mainly consists of plaintiff's statement does not preclude that the evidence can be considered sufficient for a conviction. A central task för the Court is therefore often to evaluate the credibility and reliability of the parties' statements. The purpose of the paper was to highlight the crime of rape in relation to its specific problems of evidence and to illustrate how the Court's assessment of the evidence occurs. The purpose resulted in the following issues: what circumstances and which rules does the Court consider in their assessment of the evidence in rape cases? Which evidence difficulties are there in rape cases? Is the Court's assessment of the evidence in rape crimes satisfying or can it be improved? The essays introductory and theoretical parts has been implemented with a traditional right dogmatic approach which means that the current law has been interpreted on the basis of law, its legislative history and practice. The essays later part is of a more practical nature where the material analyzed and processed through a court case study. The study consisted of all district court decisions concerning rape in 2012. In a total of 169 of the cases, 36 % were dismissed prosecutions. The offenders were in 99 % of the cases men and the victims were in 98 % of the cases women. The cases were divided into three categories with respect to the relationship between the offender and the victim; rape in close relationship, rape of superficial acquaintance and rape of unfamiliar. According to the study, the rape of superficial acquaintance was the most common. All cases where the court has considered plaintiff as non-credible resulted in guilty verdicts and all cases where the court has considered plaintiff's data unreliable resulted in guilty verdicts. I have reached the following conclusions. The court is relatively free in their assessment of evidence. The âfree trial proof principleâ is designed as a general clause and only gives the court an indication of how the assessment of evidence should take place. The court shall consider all that is proven in the case and the difficulties of evidence are often due to the lack of technical evidence and witnesses. It has been suggested lowering the standard of proof required in rape cases in order to increase the conviction rate, something that I'm adverse to. A reduction would seriously endanger the legal certainty. To access the cases that not reach the rape regulations requirement for violence or threats have been proposed an amendment whereby the rule is consent-based. I do not think that this change should be implemented primarily on the grounds that too much focus will end up on the victim and itÂŽs sexuality. I think a lot of the problems and uncertainties surrounding the evidence in rape cases would have been solved if the court wrote better grounds which clearly motivated how the assessment of evidence have been implemented. The rape legislation has been heavily criticized but I think it is important to distinguish between the legislator's intentions and the judicial application. I think the problem lies in an obscure legal application rather than the lack of legislation and that the problem has been attacked from the wrong direction. I believe that it is important to invest in quality rather than quantity. Instead of focusing on increasing the percentage of conviction of rape, focus should lie on the evaluation of evidence in rape cases and that it is carried out in the most correct and legally certain manner as possible
âDen yttersta garanten för demokrati, fred och frihet!â : en narrativanalys med fokus pĂ„ Försvarsmaktens rĂ„dande sjĂ€lvbild angĂ„ende deras internationella respektive nationella roll
Sverige och Sveriges Försvarsmakt har en lÄng tradition av att delta i internationella insatser. En tradition som i regel motiverats utifrÄn en idé om Sverige som ett fredligt, neutralt, och demokratiskt land. Vilket dÀrmed anses göra Sverige till ett land med en unikt internationell position, som en moralisk stormakt. Syftet med denna uppsats Àr att undersöka vilken bild som förmedlas av den svenska Försvarsmakten, genom tal hÄllna av Sveriges överbefÀlhavare. Specifikt avses Försvarsmaktens sjÀlvbild angÄende delta-gande i internationella insatser, respektive deras roll nationellt. Detta genom att anvÀnda en form av narrativanalys, med ett teoretiskt perspektiv som hÀmtats frÄn tvÄ verk av Anne Orford. Materialet som undersöks bestÄr av de Ätta tal frÄn Försvarsmaktens offi-ciella hemsida, som hÄllits mellan januari 2014 och oktober 2015. Sammanfattningsvis synliggör denna studie att den svenska Försvarsmakten förmedlar en bild av sig sjÀlv och sin personal som hjÀltar, bÄde nationellt och internationellt. Detta genom att För-svarsmakten framstÀlls att representera och garantera grundlÀggande vÀrderingar, som demokrati, fred, mÀnskliga rÀttigheter och sÀkerhet i Sverige och i vÀrlden. Liksom att ha de nödvÀndiga maskulina attribut som auktoritet, kapacitet och kompetens, för att inneha denna roll. Detta i kontrast till de stater och befolkningar som utmÄlas att inte inneha dessa attribut, och dÀrmed Àr i behov av hjÀltens assistans och handledning. Kontrasten fungerar till att legitimera och generalisera förestÀllningen om hjÀlten och dennes uppdrag, liksom det ojÀmlika förhÄllandet mellan dessa aktörer
Attityder till implementering av precisionsodlingsteknik
Different techniques for precision agriculture have been available during the last decade.
Some of them are more widely used than others. The main purpose of this thesis was to
investigate the different attitudes to precision agriculture that exists among farmers and
advisors in Sweden.
Eight advisors and sixteen farmers were asked for their opinion of a number of specific
techniques for precision agriculture, such as yield-mapping, precision liming, the Yara
Nitrogen Sensor and site-specific fertilization with phosphorous and potassium. They were
also asked to describe the way in which the counselling in Swedish agriculture is used and
also about it's importance for the adaptation of new techniques.
The high costs are mentioned to be one of the most important reasons why precision
agriculture hasn't been more widely spread. Several farmers refer to their farms as too small to bear the costs that come with the techniques. The individual interest for technique among the potential users plays an important role. A person who is very interested in the techniques is more inclined to use it himself or to recommend it to others.
The farmers and advisors interviewed in this thesis mention precision liming and auto steering as the most interesting techniques to adapt at this point. Some farmers have used the Yara Nsensor with good results, while others don't really see the benefits with the technique. Yieldmapping seems to be regarded as the least beneficial technique according to the interviews. Most farmers were positive to site-specific measures such as liming within fields, but did this manually without GPS-equipment.
The counselling organisations don't give recommendations about investments in new
techniques to any large extent. The advisors request more relevant information and knowledge of precision agriculture techniques, before recommending them to their clients. Also the farmers want to know more about the actual benefits of the techniques. Still, the farmers have confidence in their advisors' competence. The counselling plays an important role as a sounding board for most of the farmers.
Those of the farmers who have already applied some of the precision agriculture techniques
demand a more developed technical support for the different systems used. Several of the now available techniques are mentioned as yet too uncertain to function properly. This fact decreases the interest among farmers to apply those specific techniques. Specific techniques should perhaps be evaluated by a few users before they reach the common market. Research and advertising of these techniques could maybe be posed in a way that more obviously shows the benefits associated with the same.Precisionsodlingsteknik i olika former har funnits tillgÀnglig under det senaste decenniet.
AnvÀndningens omfattning varierar dock kraftigt och detta examensarbete syftar till att utreda
vilka uppfattningar som finns om olika specifika tekniker och vilka skÀl som finns för
anvÀndning av vissa tekniker och framförallt av vilka anledningar vissa tekniker inte anvÀnds.
Ă
tta rÄdgivare och sexton lantbrukare har intervjuats och tillfrÄgats om sina Äsikter nÀr det
gÀller precisionsodlingstekniker sÄsom skördekartering, precisionskalkning, anvÀndning av
Yara N-sensor och varierad kalium- och fosforgödsling. Dessutom stÀlldes frÄgor som rörde
rÄdgivningens roll för lantbrukarna och hur den pÄverkar instÀllningen till nya tekniker.
Ur intervjuundersökningen framkom att precisionsodlingstekniken upplevs som dyr. Det
krÀvs relativt stora arealer för att motivera investeringskostnaderna. Det individuella
teknikintresset har stor betydelse för om en lantbrukare eller rÄdgivare ska
tillÀmpa/rekommendera en viss teknik. Precisionskalkning och teknik för autostyrning Àr de
tekniker som uppfattas som mest positiva och aktuella att tillÀmpa i dagslÀget. N-sensorn
anvÀnds av vissa med goda resultat, medan nÄgra inte tycker sig se nÄgra egentliga vinster
med tekniken. Skördekartering Àr den teknik förknippad med precisionsodling som man anser
ge minst utbyte i dagslÀget. De flesta Àr öppna för att variera t.ex. kalkgivan inom fÀlt, men de
flesta gör detta manuellt utan GPS-positionering.
RÄdgivningen kommer i relativt liten utstrÀckning med rekommendationer om vilka tekniker
som Àr intressanta att investera i. RÄdgivarna efterfrÄgar mer objektiv information och
kunskap om vinsterna med precisionsodling. Detta gÀller ocksÄ lantbrukarna som vill se
nyttan med teknikerna i större utstrÀckning. Lantbrukarna kÀnner i övrigt förtroende för
rÄdgivarnas kompetens och anvÀnder rÄdgivningen som ett viktigt bollplank i diskussioner om
sitt företagande.
De lantbrukare som tillÀmpar precisionsodlingsteknik i nÄgon form i dag, efterfrÄgar bÀttre
tillgÄng pÄ service och support vid eventuella tekniska problem med utrustningen. De nya
teknikerna upplevs i flera fall inte vara fÀrdigutvecklade och alltför osÀkra för att vara
intressanta att investera i. Detta skulle kunna bemötas genom att lÄta pilotanvÀndare utvÀrdera
teknikerna rent praktiskt, innan dessa nÄr den öppna marknaden. Forskningen och tillverkarna
av de olika systemen bör kanske formulera sina rapporter och sin marknadsföring pÄ sÄdant
sÀtt att den praktiska och ekonomiska nyttan med tekniken framhÄlls tydligare
Sow bone health : measurement methods and association with piglet mortality
BenhÀlsoproblem Àr en av de vanligaste utslagsorsakerna hos suggor och pÄverkar bÄde suggans vÀlfÀrd och besÀttningens produktivitet. För att minska konsekvenserna av hÀlta Àr det avgörande med tidig upptÀckt, vilket kan Ästadkommas genom effektiva mÀtmetoder. Denna litteraturstudie syftar till att beskriva och jÀmföra aktuella metoder för att mÀta benhÀlsa hos suggor med avseende pÄ tillförlitlighet och tillÀmpbarhet i praktiken, samt att undersöka sambandet mellan suggans benhÀlsa och smÄgrisdödlighet. Visuell observation Àr en vanligt förekommande metod som Àr bÄde kostnadseffektiv och enkel. Metoden har dock flera nackdelar dÄ den Àr subjektiv och det kan finnas en stor variation mellan observatörer. Objektiva metoder som kinematik, kinetik och accelerometri har dÀrför undersökts som möjliga alternativ. Kinematik och kinetik kan ge detaljerad information och identifiera smÄ avvikelser i rörelsemönster, men Àr i nulÀget komplicerade och svÄra att implementera pÄ besÀttningsnivÄ. Accelerometri kan upptÀcka avvikelser i aktivitetsnivÄ och beteendeförÀndringar vilket kan indikera hÀlta. Accelerometern har varierande förmÄga att upptÀcka positioner och rörelser men kan med ytterligare utveckling och validering bli en anvÀndbar metod pÄ besÀttningsnivÄ. En konsekvens av dÄlig benhÀlsa hos suggor Àr dess inverkan pÄ smÄgrisdödlighet. Halta suggor visar i högre grad okontrollerat liggbeteende och har svÄrare att röra pÄ sig vilket ökar risken för klÀmning av smÄgrisar. Dessutom kan minskad mjölkproduktion pÄ grund av minskad aktivitet hos halta suggor leda till ökad risk för svÀlt bland smÄgrisarna. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att öka förstÄelsen kring sambandet mellan suggans benhÀlsa och smÄgrisdödlighet.Lameness is one of the most common causes for early culling among sows, affects both the welfare of the sow as well as the productivity of the herd. Early detection is crucial to mitigate the consequences of lameness, achievable through effective recording methods. This literature review aims to describe and compare current methods for assessing sow leg health with respect to reliability and applicability in practice on farm, as well as to investigate the relationship between sow leg health and piglet mortality. Visual observation is a commonly used method that is cost- effective and requires no additional equipment. However, there are several disadvantages as it is subjective and records can display significant inter- observer variation. Alternative, objective methods such as kinematics, kinetics and accelerometers have been investigated as potential alternatives. Kinematics and kinetics can provide detailed information and identify small deviations in movement patterns, but they are complex and difficult to implement at the herd level. Accelerometry can detect deviations in activity levels and behavior changes that may indicate lameness. Accelerometers have varying abilities to detect positions and movement but could become a useful method for herd- level use with further development and validation. Poor leg health in sows can increase piglet mortality due to uncontrolled lying behavior, increasing the risk of piglet crushing. Furthermore, reduced milk production due to decreased activity in lame sows can increase the risk of piglet starvation. Further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between sow leg health and piglet mortality
Metabolic changes with increased adipose tissue and successful weight loss in dogs
Ăvervikt Ă€r ett vĂ€xande problem hos vĂ„ra sĂ€llskapshundar. Det finns flera möjliga konsekvenser av en ökad kroppsvikt, exempelvis ortopediska, respiratoriska och kardiovaskulĂ€ra sjukdomar. Det Ă€r dĂ€rmed viktigt att djursjukskötare och annan kvalificerad personal inom djurhĂ€lsovĂ„rden arbetar preventivt för att förebygga övervikt hos hund. Att upprĂ€tta en viktmottagning pĂ„ kliniken Ă€r ett lĂ€mpligt tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt för att arbeta med viktnedgĂ„ng hos hundar.
Syftet med den hĂ€r studien var att undersöka vilka metabola förĂ€ndringar som uppstĂ„r till följd av en ökad fettvĂ€vnad hos hundar. Samt att undersöka vilka förutsĂ€ttningar djursjukskötare behöver för att kunna arbeta med viktnedgĂ„ng hos hund. Genom en litteraturstudie samlades data in för att besvara hur metabolismen pĂ„verkas av en ökad fettvĂ€vnad. Sammantaget visar de vetenskapliga studierna att en större ansamling fettvĂ€vnad leder till komplexa metabola förĂ€ndringar. Vid övervikt sker bland annat en ökning av cytokiner, sĂ„ som TNF-α och IL-6, samt en minskning av en adipokin kallad adiponektin. Möjliga konsekvenser av dessa förĂ€ndringar Ă€r insulinresistens, lĂ„ggradig kronisk inflammation, förhöjt blodtryck och cancer. I resultatets andra del redogörs för hur en djursjukskötare kan arbeta med hundars viktnedgĂ„ng pĂ„ en viktmottagning. Data samlades in genom en litteratur- och intervjustudie. Det framkom bĂ„de i intervjun och litteraturen att goda kunskaper om bedömning av body condition score, nutrition och överviktens konsekvenser krĂ€vs för att arbeta med viktminskning hos hund. Djursjukskötare, och annan djurhĂ€lsopersonal, har mycket kunskap inom nĂ€mnda omrĂ„den och lĂ€mpar sig vĂ€l till att ansvara för arbetet pĂ„ en viktmottagning. Utöver dessa kunskaper mĂ„ste Ă€ven intresse om Ă€mnet finnas dĂ„ det Ă€r ett tidskrĂ€vande arbete med mycket administrativa uppgifter. Det Ă€r Ă€ven betydelsefullt att ha en bra kommunikation med djurĂ€garen eftersom största jobbet med viktnedgĂ„ngen sker hemma. Djursjukskötarens arbete med hundars viktnedgĂ„ng handlar mycket om att kunna stötta och motivera djurĂ€garen genom hela processen.Obesity is a growing problem among our pet dogs. There are several potential consequences related to obesity, for example orthopedic, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Veterinary nurses and other personell at animal hospitals should therefore prevent obesity in dogs at an early stage. By establishing a weight clinic the personell can assist the owner with the dogâs weight loss.
The aim of this literature study was to determine what metabolic changes that occur as a result of an increased adipose tissue in dogs. Furthermore, the study aimed to establish what conditions veterinary nurses require in order to help and assist dog owners with their dogâs weight loss. This was conducted with a combination of a literature study and an interview. Results from the literature study shows that increased adipose tissue leads to complex metabolic alterations. Cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 increased, while an adipokine called adiponectin decreased during weight gain and obesity. Possible consequences of these changes are insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, elevated blood pressure and cancer.
The interview study showed that to manage a weight clinic one should have knowledge about nutrition, what consequences obesity leads to and also be able to assess different body condition scores. Veterinary nurses, or other personell at animal hospitals, have a lot of knowledge regarding weight loss in dogs and are therefore suitable to be responsible at a weight clinic. However, it is time consuming to manage a weight clinic and one should therefore find great interest in the subject. Lastly, good communication skills are needed in order to support and motivate the pet owners as most work with the weight loss is performed at home
Early vertebrate chromosome duplications and the evolution of the neuropeptide Y receptor gene regions
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>One of the many gene families that expanded in early vertebrate evolution is the neuropeptide (NPY) receptor family of G-protein coupled receptors. Earlier work by our lab suggested that several of the NPY receptor genes found in extant vertebrates resulted from two genome duplications before the origin of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) and one additional genome duplication in the actinopterygian lineage, based on their location on chromosomes sharing several gene families. In this study we have investigated, in five vertebrate genomes, 45 gene families with members close to the NPY receptor genes in the compact genomes of the teleost fishes <it>Tetraodon nigroviridis </it>and <it>Takifugu rubripes</it>. These correspond to <it>Homo sapiens </it>chromosomes 4, 5, 8 and 10.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Chromosome regions with conserved synteny were identified and confirmed by phylogenetic analyses in <it>H. sapiens, M. musculus, D. rerio, T. rubripes </it>and <it>T. nigroviridis</it>. 26 gene families, including the NPY receptor genes, (plus 3 described recently by other labs) showed a tree topology consistent with duplications in early vertebrate evolution and in the actinopterygian lineage, thereby supporting expansion through block duplications. Eight gene families had complications that precluded analysis (such as short sequence length or variable number of repeated domains) and another eight families did not support block duplications (because the paralogs in these families seem to have originated in another time window than the proposed genome duplication events). RT-PCR carried out with several tissues in <it>T. rubripes </it>revealed that all five NPY receptors were expressed in the brain and subtypes Y2, Y4 and Y8 were also expressed in peripheral organs.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We conclude that the phylogenetic analyses and chromosomal locations of these gene families support duplications of large blocks of genes or even entire chromosomes. Thus, these results are consistent with two early vertebrate tetraploidizations forming a paralogon comprising human chromosomes 4, 5, 8 and 10 and one teleost tetraploidization. The combination of positional and phylogenetic data further strengthens the identification of orthologs and paralogs in the NPY receptor family.</p
OmhÀndertagande av djur
Syftet med detta projekt var att ge en sammanfattande bild av hur det svenska samhÀllet hanterar problemen med djur som lider pÄ grund av undermÄlig kunskap samt vanvÄrd. VÄrt fokus lÄg primÀrt pÄ hur processen vid omhÀndertagande av djur gÄr till och hur detta pÄverkar djuren. Vi vill belysa hur deras beteenden pÄverkas av undermÄlig skötsel samt om de inte fÄr möjlighet att utföra sina naturliga beteenden.
Domesticerade djur Àr pÄ mÄnga sÀtt anpassade till ett liv i fÄngenskap, men en stor del av deras naturliga beteenden kommer fortfarande till uttryck. DÀrför Àr det viktigt att ta detta i beaktande bÄde nÀr man hanterar djuren samt nÀr man stiftar lagar och tillÀmpar dem.
För att kunna genomföra vÄrt projektarbete har vi haft kontakt med flera olika instanser som dagligen arbetar med detta. De fick bÄde svara pÄ frÄgor samt att de fick möjligheten att uttrycka sina egna funderingar och Äsikter om Àmnet. Resultaten av denna kommunikation tillsammans med vetenskapliga kÀllor ligger till grund för vÄrt arbete.
Under tiden som vi arbetat med dessa frÄgor har vi funnit att arbetsgÄngen nÀr det gÀller omhÀndertagande av djur varierar kraftigt mellan olika lÀn och Àven inom lÀnen i Sverige. Alla lösningar har sin grund i den svenska lagstiftningen men deras tolkning och tillÀmpning av densamma varierar signifikant. Detta medför nödvÀndigtvis inte att den ena Àr bÀttre Àn den andra men det kan vara ett problem nÀr det inte finns nÄgon generell lösning pÄ detta.
VÄr förhoppning Àr att de anstrÀngningar som just nu lÀggs ner av mÄnga engagerade mÀnniskor kommer att resultera i en mer generell och likartad lösning pÄ dessa problem. Under tiden hoppas vi att mÀnniskor kommer att lÀsa och reagera pÄ vad vi presenterat i vÄrt arbete och att det kommer att vÀcka engagemang i frÄgan om omhÀndertagande av djur.The aim of this project was to give a review of how the Swedish society deals with the problems of animals suffering due to the lack of care or intentional cruelty. Our focus was the process of taking these animals into temporary custody and how this affects the animals, primary how their behaviours are affected by malicious treatment and lack of ability to perform their natural behaviour.
Domesticated animals are in some ways adapted to the life in captivity, but lots of the natural behaviors still remain intact. Therefore it is important to take this into consideration both when handling the animals and when writing the laws and applying them.
To be able to perform this task we have had contact with several sources that deal with this on a daily basis. They were all asked questions and given the opportunity to express their own thoughts about the subject. The result of these communications along with scientific sources serves as the basis of this paper.
Whilst working with this project we have found that the matter of taking animals into temporary care differs a lot between the Municipalities and the County Administration Boards of Sweden. Their procedures are based upon the same laws, but the interpretation of them varies significantly. This does not necessarily mean that one is better than another but it can create a problem since there are no general routines when taking animals into temporary custody.
We hope that the result of the efforts given by committed people at the moment will result in a more general and equal solution to these problems. Meanwhile we hope that people will read and react to what is written in this paper and that they will take an active interest in these issues
Perceptions of health and wellbeing among employees in a work integration social enterprise in Sweden
Background: Work Integration Social Enterprises (WISEs) constitute an important vehiclefor providing employment opportunities for disadvantaged groups.Objective: The goal of this qualitative case study is to explore perceptions of health andwellbeing among employees working in a WISE located in the GĂ€vleborg region, in eastcentral Sweden.Methods: Data were gathered using 16 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with thesocial enterprise employees.Results: Findings were categorized into three main categories: the importance of financialindependence and societal benefits; team spirit and a sense of belonging; and improvedquality of life and wellbeing.Conclusion: The participants perceived that working in the WISE gave them a feeling offreedom and increased their self-esteem because of the possibility to earn an income.Also, they were satisfied with their job (e.g., with regard to work quality and flexibility)and believed that their work contributed to society. Moreover, through working in a WISE,the participants felt a sense of belonging and togetherness through interaction with coworkersand managers, and an improved quality of life for themselves and their families
Comparison of abdominal adiposity and overall obesity in relation to risk of small intestinal cancer in a European Prospective Cohort
Published version. Source at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-016-0772-z Background: The etiology of small intestinal cancer (SIC)
is largely unknown, and there are very few epidemiological
studies published to date. No studies have investigated
abdominal adiposity in relation to SIC.
Methods: We investigated overall obesity and abdominal
adiposity in relation to SIC in the European Prospective
Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), a large
prospective cohort of approximately half a million men and
women from ten European countries. Overall obesity and abdominal obesity were assessed by body mass index
(BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference
(HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio
(WHtR). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression
modeling was performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs)
and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Stratified analyses
were conducted by sex, BMI, and smoking status.
Results: During an average of 13.9 years of follow-up, 131 incident cases of SIC (including 41 adenocarcinomas, 44 malignant carcinoid tumors, 15 sarcomas and 10 lymphomas, and 21 unknown histology) were identified. WC
was positively associated with SIC in a crude model that also included BMI (HR per 5-cm increase = 1.20, 95 % CI 1.04, 1.39), but this association attenuated in the multivariable model (HR 1.18, 95 % CI 0.98, 1.42). However,
the association between WC and SIC was strengthened when the analysis was restricted to adenocarcinoma of the small intestine (multivariable HR adjusted for
BMI = 1.56, 95 % CI 1.11, 2.17). There were no other significant associations.
Conclusion: WC, rather than BMI, may be positively associated with adenocarcinomas but not carcinoid tumors of the small intestine.
Impact: Abdominal obesity is a potential risk factor for adenocarcinoma in the small intestine
Multi-decadal changes in tundra environments and ecosystems: Synthesis of the International Polar Year-Back to the Future Project (IPY-BTF).
Understanding the responses of tundra systems to global change has global implications. Most tundra regions lack sustained environmental monitoring and one of the only ways to document multi-decadal change is to resample historic research sites. The International Polar Year (IPY) provided a unique opportunity for such research through the Back to the Future (BTF) project (IPY project #512). This article synthesizes the results from 13 papers within this Ambio Special Issue. Abiotic changes include glacial recession in the Altai Mountains, Russia; increased snow depth and hardness, permafrost warming, and increased growing season length in sub-arctic Sweden; drying of ponds in Greenland; increased nutrient availability in Alaskan tundra ponds, and warming at most locations studied. Biotic changes ranged from relatively minor plant community change at two sites in Greenland to moderate change in the Yukon, and to dramatic increases in shrub and tree density on Herschel Island, and in sub-arctic Sweden. The population of geese tripled at one site in northeast Greenland where biomass in non-grazed plots doubled. A model parameterized using results from a BTF study forecasts substantial declines in all snowbeds and increases in shrub tundra on Niwot Ridge, Colorado over the next century. In general, results support and provide improved capacities for validating experimental manipulation, remote sensing, and modeling studies
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