Prestasjons og antropometriske karakteristikker av Rekreasjons-klatrere til Klatrere på høyere nivå

Sammendrag Formål: Formålet med denne studien var å se om det var noe forskjell mellom Rekreasjons-klatrere og Klatrere på høyere nivå i fysiske - og antropometriske tester. Videre ville vi se om disse testene kunne være med på å forklare et mål på klatreprestasjon. Metode: 42 deltakere deltok i studien, hvorav 33 var menn og 9 var kvinner. Deltakerne ble inndelt etter beste selvrapporterte red-point grad (et mål på nivå i klatring) i en Rekreasjons-klatrere-gruppe (REK) (inkluderer kun Advanced-klatrere) og Klatrere på høyere nivå-gruppe (HØY) (inkluderer Elite- og Higher Elite-klatrere). Alle testene i testbatteriet ble gjennomført på en testdag. Testbatteriet besto av et spørreskjema, antropometriske mål som høyde, vekt og ultralydmål av samlet muskeltykkelse på Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) og Flexor digitorum profondus (FDP), mobilitetstest (spagat i frontalplanet), maksimal fingerstyrketest og utholdenhetstest for fingerfleksorene. Resultater: HØY var signifikant bedre enn REK i Fingerstyrke maks (p= <0.001), Fingerstyrke Maximum Average Force (MAF) (p= <0.001) Rate of force development (RFD) (p= <0.001), Utholdenhetstest for fingerfleksorene (p= 0.015), samlet muskeltykkelse på FDS og FDP delt på kroppsvekt (p=0.002) og i mobilitetstesten (p=0.015). Videre viste multiple regresjonsanalyser at det var MAF og RFD som i størst grad forklarte beste selvrapporterte red-point nivå. Konklusjon: HØY hadde større i klatrespesifikk fingerstyrke, bedre RFD i en test av klatrespesifikk fingerstyrke, bedre klatrespesifikk muskulær utholdenhet, større samlet muskeltykkelse på FDS og FDP relativt til kroppsvekt og bedre mobilitet i underekstremitetene, enn REK. Maksimal fingerstyrke og RFD kan forklare beste selvrapporterte red-point klatregrad (Prestasjonsmål). Studien viste også en moderat korrelasjon mellom samlet muskeltykkelse på FDS og FDP og maksimal fingerstyrke

Gis det tilstrekkelig noteinformasjon om inntektsføring etter IFRS 15? En studie av praksis i eiendomsutviklingsbransjen i Skandinavia

IFRS 15 ble implementert fra og med regnskapsåret 2018, og regulerer regnskapsføringen av inntekter fra kontrakter med kunder (IFRS 15.C1). Eiendomsutviklingsbransjen er blant bransjene den nye standarden har størst innvirkning på, grunnet komplekse kontrakter som går over flere år. Oppgaven ser på noteopplysningene som gis i eiendomsutviklingsbransjen, med formål om å finne ut om det gis tilstrekkelig med opplysninger etter kravene i standarden. For å vurdere om det gis tilstrekkelig med noteopplysninger til regnskapsbrukerne, har vi sett på et utvalg av selskaper i Skandinavia. Disse selskapene rapporterer etter IFS og de har mer enn 50 % av sine driftsinntekter knyttet til eiendomsutviklingsaktiviteter. Disse kriteriene gjorde at vi satt igjen med en populasjon på 15 selskaper, som dermed ble utvalget i studien. Vi har analysert årsrapportene, og sett på hvilke noteopplysninger som gis for selskapenes driftsinntekter. Opplysningene ble så vurdert opp mot et sett vurderingskriterier utarbeidet med bakgrunn i notekravene i standarden og ved hjelp av forarbeidene til IFRS 15, tolkningene til IASB, ulike finanstilsyn og de fire store revisjonsselskapene. Vurderingskriterienes formål er å belyse hva som kreves opplyst på hvert enkelt punkt for å rapportere tilstrekkelig. Funnene i oppgaven viser at noteopplysningene som bransjen gir i praksis etter IFRS 15, til en viss grad er tilstrekkelige for å tilfredsstille regnskapsbrukernes informasjonsbehov, men rapporteringen er likevel mangelfull på enkelte punkter. Dette gjelder særlig redegjørelser for skjønnsmessige vurderinger knyttet til inntektsføringen og eiendeler innregnet fra kontraktskostnader. Bare 47 % av selskapene gav tilstrekkelig informasjon om hvordan de fordeler transaksjonsprisen på leveringsforpliktelser fra kontrakter med kunder. For beløpet som er allokert til kontrakter hvor leveringsforpliktelsen enda ikke er oppfylt, er det 53 % som har gitt tilstrekkelig informasjon. Videre har kun 20 % gitt tilstrekkelige opplysninger om kostnader knyttet til oppnåelse eller oppfyllelse av kundekontrakter. Vi finner også en relativt stor variabilitet i rapporteringen til selskapene i utvalget. Basert på disse funnene gis det ikke tilstrekkelig med noteinformasjon om inntektsføring i eiendomsutviklingsbransjen etter IFRS 15. Ytterligere tilsyn og fokus fra regulatoriske myndigheter, samt økt grad av opplæring vil kunne bidra til å øke graden av tilstrekkelig etterlevelse.nhhma

Associations of weight and body composition at birth with body composition and cardiometabolic markers in children aged 10 y: the Ethiopian infant anthropometry and body composition birth cohort study

Background: Although birth weight (BW) has been associated with later cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, the role of birth fat mass (BFM) and birth fat-free mass (BFFM) on cardiometabolic health is unclear. // Objectives: To examine associations of BW, BFM, and BFFM with later anthropometry, body composition, abdominal fat, and cardiometabolic markers. // Methods: Birth cohort data on standardized exposure variables (BW, BFM, and BFFM) and follow-up information at age 10 y on anthropometry, body composition, abdominal fat, and cardiometabolic markers were included. A linear regression analysis was used to assess associations of exposures with outcome variables, adjusting for maternal and child characteristics at birth and current body size in separate models. // Results: Among 353 children, mean (SD) age was 9.8 (1.0) y, and 51.5% were boys. In the fully adjusted model, 1-SD higher BW and BFFM were associated with 0.81 cm (95% CI: 0.21, 1.41 cm) and 1.25 cm (95% CI: 0.64, 1.85 cm) greater height at 10 y, respectively. The 1-SD higher BW and BFM were associated with 0.32 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.51 kg/m2) and 0.42 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.25, 0.59 kg/m2) greater fat mass index at 10 y, respectively. In addition, 1-SD higher BW and BFFM were associated with 0.22 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.34 kg/m2) greater FFM index, whereas a 1-SD greater BFM was associated with a 0.05 cm greater subcutaneous adipose tissue (95% CI: 0.01, 0.11 cm). Furthermore, 1-SD higher BW and BFFM were associated with 10.3% (95% CI: 1.4%, 20.0%) and 8.3% (95% CI: −0.5%, 17.9%) greater insulin, respectively. Similarly, 1-SD higher BW and BFFM were associated with 10.0% (95% CI: 0.9%, 20.0%) and 8.5% (95% CI: −0.6%, 18.5%) greater homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, respectively. // Conclusions: BW and BFFM rather than BFM are predictors of height and FFM index at 10 y. Children with higher BW and BFFM showed higher insulin concentrations and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance at 10 y of age. // This trial was registered at ISRCTN as ISRCTN46718296

Haemoglobin mass and running time trial performance after recombinant human erythropoietin administration in trained men

&lt;p&gt;Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) increases haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and maximal oxygen uptake (v˙ O2 max).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Purpose: This study defined the time course of changes in Hbmass, v˙ O2 max as well as running time trial performance following 4 weeks of rHuEpo administration to determine whether the laboratory observations would translate into actual improvements in running performance in the field.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Methods: 19 trained men received rHuEpo injections of 50 IUNkg21 body mass every two days for 4 weeks. Hbmass was determined weekly using the optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method until 4 weeks after administration. v˙ O2 max and 3,000 m time trial performance were measured pre, post administration and at the end of the study.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Results: Relative to baseline, running performance significantly improved by ,6% after administration (10:3061:07 min:sec vs. 11:0861:15 min:sec, p,0.001) and remained significantly enhanced by ,3% 4 weeks after administration (10:4661:13 min:sec, p,0.001), while v˙ O2 max was also significantly increased post administration (60.765.8 mLNmin21Nkg21 vs. 56.066.2 mLNmin21Nkg21, p,0.001) and remained significantly increased 4 weeks after rHuEpo (58.065.6 mLNmin21Nkg21, p = 0.021). Hbmass was significantly increased at the end of administration compared to baseline (15.261.5 gNkg21 vs. 12.761.2 gNkg21, p,0.001). The rate of decrease in Hbmass toward baseline values post rHuEpo was similar to that of the increase during administration (20.53 gNkg21Nwk21, 95% confidence interval (CI) (20.68, 20.38) vs. 0.54 gNkg21Nwk21, CI (0.46, 0.63)) but Hbmass was still significantly elevated 4 weeks after administration compared to baseline (13.761.1 gNkg21, p&#60;0.001).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Conclusion: Running performance was improved following 4 weeks of rHuEpo and remained elevated 4 weeks after administration compared to baseline. These field performance effects coincided with rHuEpo-induced elevated v˙ O2 max and Hbmass.&lt;/p&gt

Health-related quality of life in patients with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease: an observational prospective cohort study (IBSEN III)

Purpose This unselected, population-based cohort study aimed to determine the level of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) at the time of diagnosis compared with a reference population and identify the demographic factors, psychosocial measures, and disease activity markers associated with HRQoL. Methods Adult patients newly diagnosed with CD or UC were prospectively enrolled. HRQoL was measured using the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and Norwegian Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaires. Clinical significance was assessed using Cohen’s d effect size and further compared with a Norwegian reference population. Associations between HRQoL and symptom scores, demographic factors, psychosocial measures, and disease activity markers were analyzed. Results Compared with the Norwegian reference population, patients with CD and UC reported significantly lower scores in all SF-36 dimensions, except for physical functioning. Cohen’s d effect sizes for men and women in all SF-36 dimensions were at least moderate, except for bodily pain and emotional role for men with UC and physical functioning for both sexes and diagnoses. In the multivariate regression analysis, depression subscale scores ≥ 8 on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, substantial fatigue, and high symptom scores were associated with reduced HRQoL. Conclusion Patients newly diagnosed with CD and UC reported statistically and clinically significantly lower scores in seven of the eight SF-36 dimensions than the reference population. Symptoms of depression, fatigue, and elevated symptom scores were associated with poorer HRQoL.publishedVersio

TLR2, TLR4 and the MYD88 Signaling Pathway Are Crucial for Neutrophil Migration in Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Sepsis

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 in sepsis-induced AKI. C57BL/6 TLR2(-/-), TLR4(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) male mice were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Twenty four hours later, kidney tissue and blood samples were collected for analysis. the TLR2(-/-), TLR4(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) mice that were subjected to CLP had preserved renal morphology, and fewer areas of hypoxia and apoptosis compared with the wild-type C57BL/6 mice (WT). MyD88(-/-) mice were completely protected compared with the WT mice. We also observed reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the kidneys of the knockout mice compared with those of the WT mice and subsequent inhibition of increased vascular permeability in the kidneys of the knockout mice. the WT mice had increased GR1(+low) cells migration compared with the knockout mice and decreased in GR1(+high) cells migration into the peritoneal cavity. the TLR2(-/-), TLR4(-/-), and MyD88(-/-) mice had lower neutrophil infiltration in the kidneys. Depletion of neutrophils in the WT mice led to protection of renal function and less inflammation in the kidneys of these mice. Innate immunity participates in polymicrobial sepsis-induced AKI, mainly through the MyD88 pathway, by leading to an increased migration of neutrophils to the kidney, increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, vascular permeability, hypoxia and apoptosis of tubular cells.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Med, Disciplina Nefrol, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Dept Imunol, Lab Imunobiol Transplantes, São Paulo, BrazilHosp Israelita Albert Einstein, IIEP, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Med, Disciplina Nefrol, São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 07/07139-3Web of Scienc

Unintentional social consequences of disorganised marketing of corporate social responsibility: figurational insights into the oil and gas sector in Africa.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a concept that is widely associated with large transnational corporations (TNCs) and increasingly small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). The concept is contentious with wide ranging debates about intent and impact, not least from critics who perceive CSR to ostensibly be a marketing tool. Before examining some of the current flaws within CSR, it is important to establish how the concept is being applied

TOR complex 2 localises to the cytokinetic actomyosin ring and controls the fidelity of cytokinesis.

The timing of cell division is controlled by the coupled regulation of growth and division. The TOR signalling network synchronises these processes with the environmental setting. Here we describe a novel interaction of the fission yeast TOR Complex 2 (TORC2) with the Cytokinetic Actomyosin Ring (CAR), and a novel role for TORC2 in regulating the timing and fidelity of cytokinesis. Disruption of TORC2 or its localisation results in defects in CAR morphology and constriction. We provide evidence that a myosin II, Myp2, and myosin V, Myo51, play roles in recruiting TORC2 to the CAR. We show that Myp2 and TORC2 are co-dependent upon each other for their normal localisation to the cytokinetic machinery. We go on to show that TORC2 dependent phosphorylation of Acp1 (Actin Capping Protein, a known regulator of cytokinesis) controls CAR stability and the modulation of CAPZA/BAcp1/2 heterodimer formation and is essential for survival upon stress. Thus TORC2 localisation to the CAR and TORC2 dependent CAPZAAcp1 phosphorylation contributes to timely control and fidelity of cytokinesis and cell division

Geomagnetic lunar and solar daily variations during the last 100 years

This paper describes long-term changes in the geomagnetic lunar (L) and solar (S) daily variations. We analyze the eastward component of the geomagnetic field observed at eight midlatitude stations during 1903–2012. The amplitude and phase for the semidiurnal component of the L and S variations are examined. Both L and S amplitudes correlate with the solar activity index F10.7, revealing a prominent 11 year solar cycle. In both cases, the correlation is slightly better with inline image than F10.7. The sensitivity of the L variation to solar activity is comparable with that of the S variation. The solar cycle effect is also found in the phase of the S variation but not apparent in the phase of the L variation. The ratio in the amplitude of the L to S variation shows a long-term decrease (approximately 10% per century), which may be due to a reduction in lunar tidal waves from the lower atmosphere to the upper atmosphere in association with climate change