Measurement of Correlations Between Neutral Pions and Charged Hadrons with Respect to the Event Plane in Heavy Ion Collisions with ALICE

In Ultra-Relativistic Heavy Ion collisions, such as those done at the Large HadronCollider (LHC) and Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the high energy densities create an exotic state of matter not seen since the first few microseconds past the Big Bang, a Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) where quarks and gluons are not confined into hadronic bound states. The properties and evolution of this matter can be studied using a naturally existing probe: the hard QCD (Quantum Chromo-Dynamics) jets that are produced in partonic hard scatters at the beginning of the collisions. Similarly to the x-rays in medical Computed Tomography, the escaping jets reflect the transverse structure of the medium. However, this analogy breaks down in two key ways. The QGP, unlike the human body, is rapidly evolving on the same timescale of the jet’s passing through of the medium. Additionally, the interaction of the jet with the QGP is not fully understood and may modify the structure of jets beyond a simple attenuation. The field of studying these jet-medium interactions, called jet tomography, is advanced by the research in this thesis using correlations high momentum π0 mesons and hadrons arising from the same jet-producing hard scatter pro- cess. The focus in this study is on experimentally varying the path-length traversed by the involved jets by examining the correlations with respect to the reaction plane of the colliding ions. This is done using Pb–Pb collisions measured by ALICE detector at the LHC at √sNN = 5.02 TeV

All-optical interrogation of neural circuits in behaving mice

Recent advances combining two-photon calcium imaging and two-photon optogenetics with computer-generated holography now allow us to read and write the activity of large populations of neurons in vivo at cellular resolution and with high temporal resolution. Such 'all-optical' techniques enable experimenters to probe the effects of functionally defined neurons on neural circuit function and behavioral output with new levels of precision. This greatly increases flexibility, resolution, targeting specificity and throughput compared with alternative approaches based on electrophysiology and/or one-photon optogenetics and can interrogate larger and more densely labeled populations of neurons than current voltage imaging-based implementations. This protocol describes the experimental workflow for all-optical interrogation experiments in awake, behaving head-fixed mice. We describe modular procedures for the setup and calibration of an all-optical system (~3 h), the preparation of an indicator and opsin-expressing and task-performing animal (~3-6 weeks), the characterization of functional and photostimulation responses (~2 h per field of view) and the design and implementation of an all-optical experiment (achievable within the timescale of a normal behavioral experiment; ~3-5 h per field of view). We discuss optimizations for efficiently selecting and targeting neuronal ensembles for photostimulation sequences, as well as generating photostimulation response maps from the imaging data that can be used to examine the impact of photostimulation on the local circuit. We demonstrate the utility of this strategy in three brain areas by using different experimental setups. This approach can in principle be adapted to any brain area to probe functional connectivity in neural circuits and investigate the relationship between neural circuit activity and behavior

Organizational Mortality of Small Firms: The Effects of Entrepreneurial Age and Human Capital

This paper addresses the issue of internal determination of organizational outcomes. It is argued that in small and simply structured organizations a considerable proportion of the variance in organizational activities and outcomes is associated with individuals. In particular, the paper uses human capital theory to derive hypotheses about individual determinants of organizational mortality. These hypotheses are tested with event-history data of firm registrations and de-registrations in a West German region. The hypotheses are corroborated by the data, but the effects may nonetheless be due to processes linking individual characteristics with organizational performance other than those suggested by the human capital approach

Capacity building for conservation: problems and potential solutions for sub-Saharan Africa

To successfully achieve their stated conservation goals individuals, communities and organisations need to acquire a diversity of skills, knowledge and information (capacity). Despite current efforts to build and maintain appropriate levels of conservation capacity, it has been recognised that there will need to be a significant scaling-up of these activities in sub-Saharan Africa. This is because of the rapidly growing number and extent of environmental problems in the region. This paper presents a range of socio-economic contexts relevant to four key areas of African conservation capacity building: protected area management, community engagement, effective leadership, and professional e-Learning. Under these core themes, 39 specific recommendations are presented. These were derived from multi-stakeholder workshop discussions at an international conference held in Nairobi (Kenya) in 2015. At the meeting, 185 delegates (practitioners, scientists, community groups and government agencies) represented 105 organisations from 24 African nations and 8 non-African nations. The 39 recommendations constitute five broad types of suggested action: those that recommend (i) the development of new methods, (ii) the provision of capacity building resources e.g. information or data, (iii) the communication of ideas or examples of successful initiatives, (iv) the implementation of new research or gap analyses, (v) the establishment of new structures within and between organisations, and (vi) the development of new partnerships. A number of cross-cutting issues also emerged from the discussions. For example, all four workshops highlighted the need for a greater sense of urgency in developing capacity building activities in response to ongoing and rapid socio-environmental change in the region. Delegates also felt that conservation organisations, responsible agencies and donors need to recognise capacity building as one of the most urgent conservation issues we face. The need to develop novel and cost-efficient capacity building methodologies (and associated evaluation metrics), was also identified as a key issue. However, it was stressed that future of capacity building efforts will be best served by integrating new methods with more established activities. Importantly, given the broad suite of social, cultural and economic contexts found across sub-Saharan Africa, the need to move away from ‘one-size-fits-all’ approaches was strongly recommended in all thematic areas. Lastly, it was recognised that closing the gap between capacity need and capacity provision in the region will only be achieved through multi-partner capacity initiatives and networks.Additional co-authors: Vivian Kosgei, Anthony Kuria, Chris Magero, Maaike Manten, Paul Mugo, Eduard Müller, Julie Mulonga, Leo Niskanen, Josephine Nzilani, Mary Otieno, Nisha Owen, Juliet Owuor, Stuart Paterson, Sébastien Regnaut, Richard Rono, Joseph Ruhiu, Jesse Theuri Njoka, Lucy Waruingi, Brian Waswala Olewe and Emily Wilso

Ernst Freund as Precursor of the Rational Study of Corporate Law

Gindis, David, Ernst Freund as Precursor of the Rational Study of Corporate Law (October 27, 2017). Journal of Institutional Economics, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2905547, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2905547The rise of large business corporations in the late 19th century compelled many American observers to admit that the nature of the corporation had yet to be understood. Published in this context, Ernst Freund's little-known The Legal Nature of Corporations (1897) was an original attempt to come to terms with a new legal and economic reality. But it can also be described, to paraphrase Oliver Wendell Holmes, as the earliest example of the rational study of corporate law. The paper shows that Freund had the intuitions of an institutional economist, and engaged in what today would be called comparative institutional analysis. Remarkably, his argument that the corporate form secures property against insider defection and against outsiders anticipated recent work on entity shielding and capital lock-in, and can be read as an early contribution to what today would be called the theory of the firm.Peer reviewe

Foundry SiN as a platform for heterogeneous integration at visible wavelengths

Silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) is an excellent material platform for visible wavelength photonic integrated circuits, in particular, as a host for the heterogeneous/hybrid integration of complementary materials. In this work, we characterise the performance of the Si 3 N 4 from LIGENTEC as a base for hybrid integration

Bimetallic Oriented (Au/Cu2O) vs. Monometallic 1.1.1 Au (0) or 2.0.0 Cu2O Graphene-Supported Nanoplatelets as Very Efficient Catalysts for Michael and Henry Additions

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Simion, Andrada, Natalia Candu, Simona M. Coman, Ana Primo, Ivan Esteve-Adell, Véronique Michelet, Vasile I. Parvulescu, and Hermenegildo Garcia. 2018. Bimetallic Oriented (Au /Cu2 O) vs. Monometallic 1.1.1 Au (0) or 2.0.0 Cu2 O Graphene-Supported Nanoplatelets as Very Efficient Catalysts for Michael and Henry Additions. European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2018 (44). Wiley: 6185 90. doi:10.1002/ejoc.201801443, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201801443. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."[EN] Michael and Henry addition reactions have been investigated using mono (Au and Cu2O) and bimetallic nanoplatelets (Au/Cu2O) grafted onto few-layers graphene (fl-G) films as heterogeneous catalysts by comparison with homogeneous NaOH and K2CO3 ones. In the presence of the heterogeneous catalysts, these reactions occurred in the absence of any extrinsic (NaOH and K2CO3) base with turnover numbers (TONs) at least four orders of magnitude higher. While the homogeneous catalysts provided TONs close to the unity for Au/Cu2O/fl-G this was of the order of 10(7). These reactions also occurred with a very good selectivity to the targeted products. These performances are in line with the basicity of these catalysts demonstrated from CO2 chemisorption measurements. The effect of the nanosize and the interaction of the nanoparticles with the graphene are also important to achieve this high activity.This work was supported by the Ministere de l' Education, de la Recherche et des Affaires Etrangeres (Brancusi Program) of France (PN-III-CEI-BIM-PM, nr. 80BM/2017), UEFISCDI (PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2016-0146, nr. 121/2017) and COST Action CA15106 (CHAOS)Simion, A.; Candu, N.; Coman, SM.; Primo Arnau, AM.; Esteve-Adell, I.; Michelet, V.; Parvulescu, VI.... (2018). Bimetallic Oriented (Au/Cu2O) vs. Monometallic 1.1.1 Au (0) or 2.0.0 Cu2O Graphene-Supported Nanoplatelets as Very Efficient Catalysts for Michael and Henry Additions. European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2018(44):6185-6190. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201801443S61856190201844Michael, A. (1887). Ueber die Addition von Natriumacetessig- und Natriummalonsäureäthern zu den Aethern ungesättigter Säuren. Journal für Praktische Chemie, 35(1), 349-356. doi:10.1002/prac.18870350136Michael, A. (1894). 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LSST: from Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products

(Abridged) We describe here the most ambitious survey currently planned in the optical, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). A vast array of science will be enabled by a single wide-deep-fast sky survey, and LSST will have unique survey capability in the faint time domain. The LSST design is driven by four main science themes: probing dark energy and dark matter, taking an inventory of the Solar System, exploring the transient optical sky, and mapping the Milky Way. LSST will be a wide-field ground-based system sited at Cerro Pach\'{o}n in northern Chile. The telescope will have an 8.4 m (6.5 m effective) primary mirror, a 9.6 deg$^2$ field of view, and a 3.2 Gigapixel camera. The standard observing sequence will consist of pairs of 15-second exposures in a given field, with two such visits in each pointing in a given night. With these repeats, the LSST system is capable of imaging about 10,000 square degrees of sky in a single filter in three nights. The typical 5$\sigma$ point-source depth in a single visit in $r$ will be $\sim 24.5$ (AB). The project is in the construction phase and will begin regular survey operations by 2022. The survey area will be contained within 30,000 deg$^2$ with $\delta<+34.5^\circ$, and will be imaged multiple times in six bands, $ugrizy$, covering the wavelength range 320--1050 nm. About 90\% of the observing time will be devoted to a deep-wide-fast survey mode which will uniformly observe a 18,000 deg$^2$ region about 800 times (summed over all six bands) during the anticipated 10 years of operations, and yield a coadded map to $r\sim27.5$. The remaining 10\% of the observing time will be allocated to projects such as a Very Deep and Fast time domain survey. The goal is to make LSST data products, including a relational database of about 32 trillion observations of 40 billion objects, available to the public and scientists around the world.Comment: 57 pages, 32 color figures, version with high-resolution figures available from https://www.lsst.org/overvie