Enantiospecific sp(2)-sp(3) coupling of secondary and tertiary boronic esters

The cross-coupling of boronic acids and related derivatives with sp(2) electrophiles (the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction) is one of the most powerful C-C bond formation reactions in synthesis, with applications that span pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and high-tech materials. Despite the breadth of its utility, the scope of this Nobel prize-winning reaction is rather limited when applied to aliphatic boronic esters. Primary organoboron reagents work well, but secondary and tertiary boronic esters do not (apart from a few specific and isolated examples). Through an alternative strategy, which does not involve using transition metals, we have discovered that enantioenriched secondary and tertiary boronic esters can be coupled to electron-rich aromatics with essentially complete enantiospecificity. As the enantioenriched boronic esters are easily accessible, this reaction should find considerable application, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry where there is growing awareness of the importance of, and greater clinical success in, creating biomolecules with three-dimensional architectures.</p

Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Cyclopropanation of 1‐Alkenylboronates : Synthesis of 1‐Boryl‐2,3‐Disubstituted Cyclopropanes

A novel, highly enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of 1-boryl-2,3-disubstituted cyclopropanes has been developed by means of the cyclopropanation of alkenylboronates with ethyl diazoacetate in the presence of catalytic amounts of a chiral copper(I) complex. The products can also be directly accessed from alkynes through an operationally simple, sequential hydroboration–cyclopropanation protocol. The resulting enantioenriched 1-boryl-2,3-disubstituted cyclopropanes are versatile synthetic intermediates that undergo further transformations at the carbon–boron bond.We thank MINECO for financial support (CTQ2014-52769- C03-01-R and Juan de la Cierva fellow for J.C.) and Junta de Andaluc a (P12-FQM-1765). We also thank Riccardo Gava and Cristina Gonzalez for additional experiments and Francisco Molina for X-ray diffraction studies

Switchable synthesis of Z-homoallylic boronates and E-allylic boronates by enantioselective copper-catalyzed 1,6-boration

The enantioselective Cu-catalyzed 1,6-boration of (E,E) α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated ketones is described, which gives homoallylic boronates with high enantiomeric purity and unexpectedly high Zselectivity. By changing the solvent, the outcome can be altered to give E-allylic boronates

The premise of the effect on trade among EU member states in projects concerning culture and heritage conservation within the framework of the implementation of the projects from EU funds – recommendations for judicial decisions

Aim: Public aid can be involved even in such peculiar public activity sector as culture and heritage conservation. Hence, the EU projects implemented in this area may be subject to legal restrictions on state aid. In this respect, particular legal doubts concerning state aid arise in the context of “impact on trade” premise. This situation is a consequence of both lack of clear definition thereof and the peculiar nature of culture projects. The present paper is aimed at identifying particular issues that ought to be taken into account when determining the possible impact on trade (recommendations for judicature). These issues aren’t actually defined in law, but only in few judgments and literature. Hence, there is a necessity to make further researches.Design / Research methods: Analysis of legal provisions, judgments and literature.Conclusions / findings: 1) It is practically impossible for relevant legal acts to encompass all possible instances of public aid in culture projects. Undoubtedly, judicature (both, of the ECJ and Polish administrative courts) attempts to fill in this peculiar gap by examining and resolving individual cases. 2) Nonetheless, the judicature is not able to account for all possible situations that can be encountered when implementing projects co-financed by the EU, either3) due to the specific nature of this project category, all the above-mentioned aspects and possible interrelations among them need to be considered in great detail. Therefore, each and every case has to be examined separately and individually 4) each of the elements should be examined in detail at every stage of determining whether public aid is granted in a given case (here: from the perspective of possible impact on trade) – both by beneficiaries of the EU funds as well as by institutions involved in management and control system and by administrative courts 5) in individual situations, the sequence of occurrence and intensity of individual elements may differ, which means that each and every case needs to be examined and resolved separately as regards the possible impact on trade and, consequently, the presence of public aid. Originality / value of the article: Contemplated problems are a subject of few judgments and literature. Value of this article is a scientific deepening of all discussed issues. This one is addressed to beneficiaries of the EU funds as well as to institutions involved in management and control system and administrative courts. Implications of the research: This article will enable beneficiaries and mentioned institutions and courts to interpret occurrence of public aid in above-mentioned projects in the appropriate way.</jats:p

Gospodarka komunalna — samodzielność gospodarcza jednostek samorządu terytorialnego a interes publiczny

Municipal economy — economic self-dependence of territorial local government and question of the public interestThe article is devoted to the problem of economic activity of territorial local government municipal economy. Important question is related to the idea called “municipal economy”. It means realiza­tion of “own tasks” by territorial local government. It is also necessary to indicate that in a sphere of economic activity of territorial local government there are two legal dimensions. First of these is an activity connected with the “public utility”. This question means that territorial local government has to supply general needs of all people who live in aparticular part of Poland. Second is linked with activity, which aim is to gain financial profits. The author also especially draws attention to the problem of process of public tasks privatisation. This phenomenon often appears nowadays. It con­sists of atransfer of public tasks from state or territorial local government to private organizations. Another way of mentioned privatisation is only connected with achange of method of realization public tasks but not akind of organization. In that situation state or territorial local government resigns from the public mode of making foregoing tasks and does it in aprivate way, which is relat­ed especially with payments. It is necessary to indicate influence of the public interest on a sphere of economic self-dependence of territorial local government in following dimensions: legal forms of undertaking of economic activity by territorial local government, continuity of economic activity of territorial local government, legal possibility of undertaking economic activity by territorial local government in mentioned above two legal dimensions and — last but not least — the transfer of public tasks from territorial local government to private organizations.</jats:p

Public Assistance in the Implementation Act – Analysis of the Provisions of Article 27

The implementation of projects co-financed with the European Union funds by beneficiaries needs to be related to the necessity to provide for their compliance with the EU law, the national law, applicable guidance, programming documents, as well as with the contents of the project co-financing contract (decision on the project co-financing, another act). The issue of public assistance needs to be discussed in this context. Because some of EU projects are subject to the public assistance requirement (de minimis support), it becomes more important to comply with all the binding regulations. The national legislator is obliged to establish appropriate legal provisions that, together with the EU law, will provide the basis for legal and effective granting of support of public assistance nature (de minimis)