Capital Punishment, the Death Row Phenomenon and the Supreme Court of Nigeria: Onuoha Kalu vs. The State [1998] 12 S.C.N.J. 1

A ZLRev article on the controversy surrounding the death sentence in Nigeria.The issue of constitutionality1 2 of capital punishment and some aspects of the punishment came before the Supreme Court of Nigeria in Onuoha Kalii v The State? This was the first time that the issue was properly raised in the Supreme Court. The full court (consisting of seven justices of the Court3) gave a unanimous decision affirming the constitutionality of the death penalty in Nigeria. This judgement was delivered in December, 1998. A review of this case is now necessary and desirable for three reasons. One, apart from the issue of capital punishment being of international interest and concern, there has been a controversy surrounding the constitutionality of capital punishment in Nigeria since the enactment of the 1979 Nigerian Constitution.4 Arguments had been advanced that the Constitution has impliedly abrogated capital punishment in Nigeria.5 The case has now settled the legal point though the social controversy remains.

Revisiting the causes of delay in the adjudication of Islamic personal law cases in Nigerian jurisprudence

The Nigerian legal system consists of English-style courts, Islamic courts and customary courts. The Islamic courts do not have exclusive jurisdiction in Islamic law matters as the jurisdiction of the English-style courts also extend to Islamic law matters. Before 1979, the Sharia Court of Appeal of the defunct northern Nigeria was the highest appellate court for Islamic law cases in northern Nigeria. The defunct 1979 Constitution created appeal from the Supreme Court of Appeal of the States to the Court of Appeal and finally to the Supreme Court, and allowed lawyers into Islamic courts. While English-style courts are generally notorious for delay in the disposal of cases, Islamic courts are known for speedy dispensation of justice. The developments introduced by the 1979 Constitution into the administration of Islamic law in the country have brought many factors that are now occasioning delays, and often, inordinate delays, into the final disposal of Islamic cases in northern Nigeria. The paper, using the case study methodidentifies the causes of delay in the adjudication of Islamic personal law cases in both Islamic and English-style courts in Nigeria with particular reference to northern Nigeria. The paper suggests ways of overcoming the challenges responsible for these delays. Keywords: Courts, Delay, Adjudication, Cases, Pluralism, Nigeri

Grain Surface Models and Data for Astrochemistry

AbstractThe cross-disciplinary field of astrochemistry exists to understand the formation, destruction, and survival of molecules in astrophysical environments. Molecules in space are synthesized via a large variety of gas-phase reactions, and reactions on dust-grain surfaces, where the surface acts as a catalyst. A broad consensus has been reached in the astrochemistry community on how to suitably treat gas-phase processes in models, and also on how to present the necessary reaction data in databases; however, no such consensus has yet been reached for grain-surface processes. A team of ∼25 experts covering observational, laboratory and theoretical (astro)chemistry met in summer of 2014 at the Lorentz Center in Leiden with the aim to provide solutions for this problem and to review the current state-of-the-art of grain surface models, both in terms of technical implementation into models as well as the most up-to-date information available from experiments and chemical computations. This review builds on the results of this workshop and gives an outlook for future directions

Parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos da tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus L.) sob estresse por exposição ao ar

No presente trabalho avaliaram-se os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de exemplares adultos de tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) sob a influência do fator estresse fisiológico em animais submetidos à exposição ao ar durante a engorda em sistema raceway. Foram analisados o eritrograma, teor de hemoglobina, volume globular, o volume corpuscular médio (VCM), a hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM), a concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM), o leucograma, contagem diferencial de leucócitos, o plaquetograma, a glicose, a proteína total, o colesterol, o triglicerídeo e os eletrólitos (cálcio, cloretos, sódio e potássio). Os resultados revelaram que houve uma homogeneidade de distribuição para hemácias, volume globular, hemoglobina, índices hemantimétricos, proteína total, glicose, colesterol, e íons séricos, indicados pelos valores relativamente baixos do coeficiente de variação. Houve correlação positiva somente para leucócitos totais, células de defesa orgânica (neutrófilos e linfócitos), glicose, colesterol, sódio e cálcio. Quanto ao leucograma, à medida que os animais foram expostos ao ar, o número de leucócitos diminuiu gradativamente (leucopenia), ocorrendo simultaneamente neutrofilia e linfopenia. O índice glicêmico constituiu um bom indicador de estresse fisiológico, devido à hiperglicemia (82,0±20,88mg/dL) demonstrada nos tratamentos. A exposição ao ar constituiu um fator de desequilíbrio na homeostase iônica, e na síntese de colesterol endógeno. Entretanto, o tempo de recuperação não ocasionou a completa reabilitação fisiológica frente ao desafio imposto

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362