Pandemia y economía popular: desafíos y estrategias en tiempos de aislamiento social

Los tiempos de pandemia mundial y aislamiento social para combatir el virus del Covid19 nos enfrentaron a más de una paradoja. Una de ellas -contradictoria, interesante y desafiante- nos convocó a estar unidos contra el virus y al mismo tiempo mantenernos aislados. Todas las organizaciones sociales, entre ellas, las de la economía popular debieron enfrentar particularmente esta paradoja. En el seno de los sectores populares, donde se inventa y se organiza el trabajo para sobrevivir, donde la cooperación y la solidaridad son pilares fundamentales que sostienen las comunidades barriales, el aislamiento obligo a las organizaciones a replantear estrategias para seguir funcionando y preservar su identidad colectiva. Propongo en este artículo identificar las dificultades que sortearon los y las trabajadoras de la economía popular en el contexto de ASPO y analizar las estrategias y redes que sostuvieron lo colectivo más allá del distanciamiento físico.The ongoing global pandemic and isolation as one of the methods to fight back the coronavirus COVID-19 led us to face more than one paradox. One of them –contradictory, interesting and challenging- convened us to be united against the virus, but at the same time it kept us isolated. All the social organizations, particularly the popular economy ones, had to face this paradox. In the heart of the popular sectors, where employment is created and organized in order to survive and also where cooperation and solidarity are the mainstays of the low-income communities, self-isolation forced these organizations to think over new strategies in order to sustain their collective identity. I propose in this article to identify: the difficulties that had to overcome the workers of the popular economy sector within the context of the social, preventive and mandatory isolation. Additionally, I propose to analyze the various strategies and social media that were useful so as to maintain collectivity, despite the social distancing.Facultad de Trabajo Socia

Influence of glutathione availability on cell damage induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes for accessory viral protein R (Vpr), which arrests the cell cycle of host cells at G2 and causes mitochondrial dysfunction and alterations in glycolysis. High-level expression of Vpr protein correlates with increased viral production and disease progression. Vpr causes structural and functional injury in many types of eukaryotic cells, whether or not they are permissive for viral replication; among them is the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We hypothesized that the dramatic Vpr-induced injuries in yeast could be prevented by strengthening their redox response capacity. We show that exogenous addition of glutathione (GSH) or its prodrug, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), protected budding yeasts from Vpr-induced cytopathic effects. Moreover, addition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to growing cultures of Vpr-producing yeast returned cellular growth to control levels, whereas the addition dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) had only a minor protective effect. The diminished protein levels of Cox2p and Cox4p in wild typeVpr-producing yeasts together with the acute sensitivity of petite yeasts to Vpr activity may have been caused by low intracellular ATP levels. As a consequence of this energy deficit, eukaryotic cells would be unable to synthetize adequate supplies of GSH or to signal the mitochondrial retrograde response. Our findings strongly suggest that the cytopathogenic effect of Vpr protein in eukaryotic cells can be prevented by increasing intracellular antioxidant stores or, alternatively, supplying external ATP. Furthermore, these results support a potentially promising future for S. cerevisiae expression as a modality to search for Vpr-targeted inhibitors.This study was supported by Grant PI08/0912 from Acción Estratégica en Salud and by Programa Intramural de Formación from Instituto de Salud Carlos III.S

Tick pathogenicity, thermal tolerance and virus infection in Tolypocladium cylindrosporum

10 páginas, 5 tablas, 5 figurasTolypocladium cylindrosporum is a fungus which has been isolated from soil, from asymptomatic plants as an endophyte, and has been shown to be pathogenic to several species of arthropods. The objective of the present work was to study a collection of T. cylindrosporum strains in order to evaluate the characteristics of this fungus as a bioacaricide. The pathogenicity of five different strains of T. cylindrosporum was tested against two tick species, Ornithodoros erraticus and Ornithodoros moubata. Both tick species were susceptible to all the fungal strains. Mortality was greater for O. erraticus, and differed among the five developmental stages of the ticks tested, and among the fungal treatments. Mean mortality rates were close to 60% for O. erraticus, similar to those reported for other entomopathogenic fungi used for this purpose. The responses of eleven different strains of the fungus to 22ºC and 30ºC were also studied. Significant differences in temperature tolerance occurred among the strains, and growth inhibition was observed at 30ºC. Several mycoviruses were found infecting five of the eleven strains. However, no clear relationship was found between the presence of viruses and fungal growth or pathogenicity.This work was financed with research grants AGL2008-01159AGR, awarded by the Spanish Government,and CSI07A08, awarded by the Regional Government of Castilla y León (Spain).Peer reviewe

Prognostic model for early acute rejection after liver transplantation

Hepatic graft rejection is a common complication after liver transplantation (LT), with a maximum incidence within the first weeks. The identification of high-risk patients for early acute rejection (EAR) might be useful for clinicians. A series of 133 liver graft recipients treated with calcineurin inhibitors was retrospectively assessed to identify predisposing factors for EAR and develop a mathematical model to predict the individual risk of each patient. The incidence of EAR (< or =45 days after LT) was 35.3%. Multivariate analysis showed that recipient age, underlying liver disease, and Child's class before LT were independently associated with the development of EAR. Combining these 3 variables, the following risk score for the development of EAR was obtained: EAR score [F(x)] = 2.44 + (1.14 x hepatitis C virus cirrhosis) + (2.78 x immunologic cirrhosis) + (2.51 x metabolic cirrhosis)--(0.08 x recipient age in years) + (1.65 x Child's class A) [corrected]. Risk for rejection = e(F(x))/1 + e(F(x)). The combination of age, cause of liver disease, and Child's class may allow us to predict the risk for EAR

Liver transplantation in cirrhotic patients with diabetes mellitus: Midterm results, survival, and adverse events

Liver cirrhosis is frequently associated with diabetes mellitus (DM), and this metabolic complication is also frequent after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The aim of our study is to investigate which factors are associated with DM before and after OLT and their impact on post-OLT evolution. We evaluated the prevalence of DM among 115 liver transplant candidates with cirrhosis and assessed their evolution after OLT (median follow-up, 41 months). Sixteen candidates had DM requiring pharmacological therapy (group A), 45 candidates had DM controlled with diet (group B), and 54 candidates did not have DM (group C). One-year and 3-year actuarial survival rates were 100% and 100% for group A, 91% and 85% for group B, and 77% and 74% for group C, respectively (P <.03). Post-OLT DM was more frequent in group A. The incidence of other metabolic complications, major infections, rejection, and arterial hypertension; the need for hospitalization; and renal and graft function of patients in groups A, B, and C were similar. The only risk factor for DM 1 year after OLT on multivariate analysis was pre-OLT DM requiring pharmacological treatment. The incidence of complications, need for hospitalization, and renal and graft function 1 year after OLT for patients with post-OLT DM were similar to those of patients without post-OLT DM. In conclusion, patients with cirrhosis who have DM have a greater risk for post-OLT DM, but their midterm survival is not worse than the survival of those without DM

Uso off-label de imunoglobulina g intravenosa em um hospital pediátrico de alta complexidade na Argentina: Um estudo observacional prospectivo

Introduction: The World Health Organization recommends prioritizing safe and effective drugs proven by clinical or epidemiological studies. However, in population groups with little research, a drug can be used for an indication or pharmaceutical form different from that approved by the regulatory agency (off-label), extrapolating data from studies in adults and exposing pediatric patients. to develop an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) due to safety considerations that have not been systematically studied. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), a high-cost drug, is used with scant evidence in some low-prevalence pathologies. This paper describes and analyzes the off-label use of IVIg at the J. P. Garrahan Pediatric Hospital. Methods: Observational, descriptive, prospective study on off-label indications of IVIg. The sampling technique was non-probabilistic and for convenience during 7 months. Results: 305 IVIg infusions were studied, corresponding to 111 patients. The indication classification showed that 22% (n=67) of the infusions were off-label. In neurology there was a higher percentage of off-label indications (46%) and within them 45% corresponded to the use in neurological disorders. 81% of the doses indicated off-label were in the range 0.8-1g/kg. The off-label infusions presented 61.5% (n=8) of the ADRs. Those from the Neurology service represented 87.5%; 75% being from the "Neurological disorders" group. Conclusion: In some cases, IVIg was indicated in an off-label manner, finding a statistically significant relationship with the appearance of ADR. This finding motivates the proposition of new hypotheses to carry out more studies.Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda priorizar fármacos seguros y eficaces comprobados mediante estudios clínicos o epidemiológicos. Sin embargo, en grupos poblacionales con escasa investigación, un fármaco puede utilizarse para una indicación o, forma farmacéutica diferente a la aprobada por la agencia reguladora (“off label”), extrapolando datos provenientes de estudios en adultos y, exponiendo a los pacientes pediátricos a desarrollar una Reacción Adversa Medicamentosa (RAM) por consideraciones de seguridad no estudiadas sistemáticamente. Inmunoglobulina G endovenosa (IgG EV), medicamento de alto costo, es utilizado con escasa evidencia en algunas patologías poco prevalentes. Este trabajo describe y analiza el uso “off label” de IgG EV en el Hospital de Pediatría J. P. Garrahan. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo sobre indicaciones “off label” de IgG EV. La técnica de muestreo fue no probabilística y por conveniencia durante 7 meses. Resultados: Se estudiaron 305 infusiones de IgG EV que correspondieron a 111 pacientes. La clasificación de la indicación mostró que 22% (n=67) de las infusiones fueron “off label”. En neurología hubo mayor porcentaje de indicaciones “off label” (46%) y dentro de ellas el 45% correspondió al uso en desórdenes neurológicos. El 81% de dosis indicadas “off label” estuvieron en rango 0,8-1g/kg. Las infusiones indicadas “off label” presentaron el 61.5% (n=8) de las RAM. Las del servicio de Neurología, representaron el 87,5 %, siendo 75% del grupo “Desórdenes neurológicos”. Conclusión: En algunos casos IgG EV fue indicada en forma “off label”, encontrándose una relación estadísticamente significativa con la aparición de RAM. Este hallazgo motiva al planteo de nuevas hipótesis para realizar más estudios.Introdução: A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda priorizar medicamentos seguros e eficazes comprovados por estudos clínicos ou epidemiológicos. Porém, em grupos populacionais com pouca pesquisa, um medicamento pode ser utilizado para uma indicação ou forma farmacêutica diferente da aprovada pelo órgão regulador (“off label”), extrapolando dados de estudos em adultos e expondo pacientes pediátricos a desenvolver uma Reação Adversa a Medicamentos (RAM) devido a considerações de segurança que não foram sistematicamente estudadas. A imunoglobulina G endovenosa (IgG EV), uma droga de alto custo, é usada com escassa evidência em algumas patologias de baixa prevalência. Este artigo descreve e analisa o uso “off label” de IgG EV no Hospital Pediátrico J. P. Garrahan. Métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo, prospectivo sobre indicações "off label" de IgG EV. A técnica de amostragem foi não probabilística e por conveniência durante 7 meses. Resultados: Foram estudadas 305 infusões de IgG EV correspondentes a 111 pacientes. A classificação da indicação mostrou que 22% (n=67) das infusões estavam “off label”. Em neurologia houve maior percentual de indicações "off label" (46%) e dentro delas 45% corresponderam ao uso em distúrbios neurológicos. 81% das doses "off label" estavam na faixa de 0,8-1g/kg. As infusões indicadas como “off label” apresentaram 61,5% (n=8) das RAMs. Os do serviço de Neurologia representaram 87,5%, sendo 75% do grupo "Distúrbios Neurológicos". Conclusão: Em alguns casos a IgG EV foi indicada de forma "off label", encontrando relação estatisticamente significativa com o aparecimento de RAM. Esse achado motiva a proposição de novas hipóteses para estudos posteriores

Modelos de gestión de purines sostenibles y eficientes como aproximación a granjas climáticamente neutras

Este proyecto se financia en un 55% (1.959.613 €) del Programa Life Acción por el Clima de la Unión Europea

Transcriptomic responses of a simplified soil microcosm to a plant pathogen and its biocontrol agent reveal a complex reaction to harsh habitat

Additional file 1: Concentration of the soil microorganism in the simplified soil microcosm.Additional file 2: Primer sequences of the microcosm genes analysed by real-time RT-PCR.Additional file 3: RNA-Seq sequencing and mapping results for each replicate.Additional file 4: Distribution of read pair alignments to the genomes of the soil microorganisms. (A, B) Distribution of read pair alignments to the 13 soil microorganisms calculated with the Samtools software [30] and expressed as a percentage (%) of total alignments to the microcosm genome. (C, D) Distribution of unique read pairs mapping to genes of the 13 soil microorganisms, counted using HTSeq [32] and expressed as a percentage (%) of total unique read pairs mapping to genes in the microcosm genome. (E, F) Percentage (%) of expressed genes (more than one read pair) calculated as compared to the total predicted genes for each soil microorganism. Mean and standard error values of three replicates are reported for each condition: the simplified soil microcosm collected at the beginning of the experiment (SSM0) and 24 h after incubation either without exogenous fungi (SSM), with the biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride (SSM+T), with the plant pathogen Armillaria mellea (SSM+A) or with both (SSM+T+A).Additional file 5: Expression levels of genes of the simplified soil microcosm.Additional file 6: Pearson’s correlation coefficients among replicates and conditions for RNA-Seq analysis.Additional file 7: Clustering and functional annotation results of differentially expressed genes.Additional file 8: Proportion of expressed and differentially expressed genes for each soil microorganism.Additional file 9: Distribution of differentially expressed genes of each soil microorganism in 18 clusters, based on the expression profiles.Additional file 10: Metabolic pathways of the simplified soil microcosm, modulated by incubation in the soil matrix. Metabolic pathways deactivated (left panels) and activated (right panels) by 24 h incubation in the soil matrix (A) without reinforced modulation (cluster 1) and (B) with reinforced modulation (cluster 15) in the presence of Armillaria mellea and Trichoderma atroviride combined. Metabolic pathways modulated by the introduction of (C) T. atroviride (cluster 3), (D) A. mellea (cluster 5), or (E) both (cluster 7). KEGG pathways were visualised using the iPath2 tool [48], the pathways of upregulated (green) and downregulated (red) genes were highlighted, and a section of the most relevant pathways is reported for each panel.Additional file 11: Biological networks of Gene Ontology (GO) terms. GO biological process terms of the simplified soil microcosm, upregulated by incubation in the soil matrix with similar expression profiles in the presence or absence of Armillaria mellea and Trichoderma atroviride (cluster 1). Significantly enriched GO terms (P < 0.001) were identified using the BiNGO tool [42] and visualised with Cytoscape software [43]. The colour scale legend indicates the level of significance for enriched GO terms. White nodes indicate not significantly overrepresented categories.Additional file 12: Key differentially expressed genes discussed in the manuscript, based on their functional categories and expression profiles. Each sheet contains the genes in each cluster discussed.BACKGROUND : Soil microorganisms are key determinants of soil fertility and plant health. Soil phytopathogenic fungi are one of the most important causes of crop losses worldwide. Microbial biocontrol agents have been extensively studied as alternatives for controlling phytopathogenic soil microorganisms, but molecular interactions between them have mainly been characterised in dual cultures, without taking into account the soil microbial community. We used an RNA sequencing approach to elucidate the molecular interplay of a soil microbial community in response to a plant pathogen and its biocontrol agent, in order to examine the molecular patterns activated by the microorganisms. RESULTS : A simplified soil microcosm containing 11 soil microorganisms was incubated with a plant root pathogen (Armillaria mellea) and its biocontrol agent (Trichoderma atroviride) for 24 h under controlled conditions. More than 46 million paired-end reads were obtained for each replicate and 28,309 differentially expressed genes were identified in total. Pathway analysis revealed complex adaptations of soil microorganisms to the harsh conditions of the soil matrix and to reciprocal microbial competition/cooperation relationships. Both the phytopathogen and its biocontrol agent were specifically recognised by the simplified soil microcosm: defence reaction mechanisms and neutral adaptation processes were activated in response to competitive (T. atroviride) or non-competitive (A. mellea) microorganisms, respectively. Moreover, activation of resistance mechanisms dominated in the simplified soil microcosm in the presence of both A. mellea and T. atroviride. Biocontrol processes of T. atroviride were already activated during incubation in the simplified soil microcosm, possibly to occupy niches in a competitive ecosystem, and they were not further enhanced by the introduction of A. mellea. CONCLUSIONS : This work represents an additional step towards understanding molecular interactions between plant pathogens and biocontrol agents within a soil ecosystem. Global transcriptional analysis of the simplified soil microcosm revealed complex metabolic adaptation in the soil environment and specific responses to antagonistic or neutral intruders.The European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement: 324416 (project INNOVA, subprogramme: FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IAPP).http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcgenomicsam2016Genetic