Bacterivory by benthic organisms in sediment: quantification using 15N enriched bacteria

International audienceThe fate of benthic bacterial biomass in benthic food webs is a topic of major importance but poorly described. This paper describes an alternative method for evaluation of bacterial grazing rate by meiofauna and macrofauna using bacteria pre-enriched with stable isotopes. Natural bacteria from the sediment of an intertidal mudflat were cultured in a liquid medium enriched with 15NH4Cl. Cultured bacteria contained 2.9 % of 15N and were enriched sufficiently to be used as tracers during grazing experiments. Cultured-bacteria presented a biovolume (0.21 µm3) and a percentage of actively respiring bacteria (10 %) similar to those found in natural communities. The number of Operational Taxon Units found in cultures fluctuated between 56 and 75 % of that found in natural sediment. Despite this change in community composition, the bacterial consortium used for grazing experiments exhibited characteristics of size, activity and diversity more representative of the natural community than usually noticed in many other grazing studies. The bacterial ingestion rates of three different grazers were in the range of literature values resulting from other methods: 1149 ngC ind-1 h-1 for the mud snail Hydrobia ulvae, 0.027 ngC ind-1 h-1 for the nematode community, and 0.067 ngC ind-1 h-1 for the foraminifera Ammonia tepida. The alternative method described in this paper overcomes some past limitations and it presents interesting advantages such as short time incubation and in situ potential utilisation

What is marine biodiversity? Towards common concepts and their implications for assessing biodiversity status

Biodiversity' is one of the most common keywords used in environmental sciences, spanning from research to management, nature conservation, and consultancy. Despite this, our understanding of the underlying concepts varies greatly, between and within disciplines as well as among the scientists themselves. Biodiversity can refer to descriptions or assessments of the status and condition of all or selected groups of organisms, from the genetic variability, to the species, populations, communities, and ecosystems. However, a concept of biodiversity also must encompass understanding the interactions and functions on all levels from individuals up to the whole ecosystem, including changes related to natural and anthropogenic environmental pressures. While biodiversity as such is an abstract and relative concept rooted in the spatial domain, it is central to most international, European, and national governance initiatives aimed at protecting the marine environment. These rely on status assessments of biodiversity which typically require numerical targets and specific reference values, to allow comparison in space and/or time, often in association with some external structuring factors such as physical and biogeochemical conditions. Given that our ability to apply and interpret such assessments requires a solid conceptual understanding of marine biodiversity, here we define this and show how the abstract concept can and needs to be interpreted and subsequently applied in biodiversity assessments

The response of North Sea ecosystem functional groups to warming and changes in fishing

Achieving Good Environmental Status (GES) requires managing ecosystems subject to a variety of pressures such as climate change, eutrophication, and fishing. However, ecosystem models are generally much better at representing top-down impacts from fishing than bottom-up impacts due to warming or changes in nutrient loading. Bottom-up processes often have to be parameterised with little data or worse still taken as a system input rather than being represented explicitly. In this study we use an end-to-end ecosystem model (StrathE2E2) for the North Sea with 18 broad functional groups, five resource pools, and representations of feeding, metabolism, reproduction, active migrations, advection, and mixing. Environmental driving data include temperature, irradiance, hydrodynamics, and nutrient inputs from rivers, atmosphere, and ocean boundaries, so the model is designed to evaluate rigorously top-down and bottom-up impacts and is ideal for looking at possible changes in energy flows and “big picture” ecosystem function. In this study we considered the impacts of warming (2 and 4°C) and various levels of fishing, by demersal and pelagic fleets, on the structure and function of the foodweb. A key aim is to demonstrate whether monitoring of broad ecosystem groups could assist in deciding whether GES was being achieved. We found that warming raised primary productivity and increased the size (total biomass) of the ecosystem. Warming raised metabolic demands on omnivorous zooplankton and reduced their abundance, thus favouring benthivorous and piscivorous demersal fish at the expense of planktivorous pelagic fish but otherwise had modest effects on energy pathways and top predators, whereas changes in fishing patterns could materially alter foodweb function and the relative outcomes for top predators. We suggest that GES should be defined in terms of an unfished state and that abundances of broad groupings and the balance between them can help to assess whether indicator outcomes were consistent with GES. Our findings underwrite the need for an ecosystem approach for the management of human activities supported by relevant monitoring. We also highlight the need to improve our basic understanding of bottom-up processes, improve their representation within models, and ensure that our ecosystem models can capture growth limitation by nitrogen and other elements, and not just food/energy uptake

Uses of innovative modeling tools within the implementation of the marine strategy framework directive

© 2016 Lynam, Uusitalo, Patrício, Piroddi, Queirós, Teixeira, Rossberg, Sagarminaga, Hyder, Niquil, Möllmann, Wilson, Chust, Galparsoro, Forster, Veríssimo, Tedesco, Revilla and Neville. In Europe and around the world, the approach to management of the marine environment has developed from the management of single issues (e.g., species and/or pressures) toward holistic Ecosystem Based Management (EBM) that includes aims to maintain biological diversity and protect ecosystem functioning. Within the European Union, this approach is implemented through the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC). Integrated Ecosystem Assessment is required by the Directive in order to assess Good Environmental Status (GES). Ecological modeling has a key role to play within the implementation of the MSFD, as demonstrated here by case studies covering a range of spatial scales and a selection of anthropogenic threats. Modeling studies have a strong role to play in embedding data collected at limited points within a larger spatial and temporal scale, thus enabling assessments of pelagic and seabed habitat. Furthermore, integrative studies using food web and ecosystem models are able to investigate changes in food web functioning and biological diversity in response to changes in the environment and human pressures. Modeling should be used to: support the development and selection of specific indicators; set reference points to assess state and the achievement of GES; inform adaptive monitoring programs and trial management scenarios. The modus operandi proposed shows how ecological modeling could support the decision making process leading to appropriate management measures and inform new policy

Using ecological models to assess ecosystem status in support of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive

© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. The European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) seeks to achieve, for all European seas, "Good Environmental Status" (GEnS), by 2020. Ecological models are currently one of the strongest approaches used to predicting and understanding the consequences of anthropogenic and climate-driven changes in the natural environment. We assess the most commonly used capabilities of the modelling community to provide information about indicators outlined in the MSFD, particularly on biodiversity, food webs, non-indigenous species and seafloor integrity descriptors. We built a catalogue of models and their derived indicators to assess which models were able to demonstrate: (1) the linkages between indicators and ecosystem structure and function and (2) the impact of pressures on ecosystem state through indicators. Our survey identified 44 ecological models being implemented in Europe, with a high prevalence of those that focus on links between hydrodynamics and biogeochemistry, followed by end-to-end, species distribution/habitat suitability, bio-opt ical (remote sensing) and multispecies models. Approximately 200 indicators could be derived from these models, the majority of which were biomass and physical/hydrological/chemical indicators. Biodiversity and food webs descriptors, with ∼49% and ∼43% respectively, were better addressed in the reviewed modelling approaches than the non-indigenous species (0.3%) and sea floor integrity (∼8%) descriptors. Out of 12 criteria and 21 MSFD indicators relevant to the abovementioned descriptors, currently only three indicators were not addressed by the 44 models reviewed. Modelling approaches showed also the potential to inform on the complex, integrative ecosystem dimensions while addressing ecosystem fundamental properties, such as interactions between structural components and ecosystems services provided, despite the fact that they are not part of the MSFD indicators set. The cataloguing of models and their derived indicators presented in this study, aim at helping the planning and integration of policies like the MSFD which require the assessment of all European Seas in relation to their ecosystem status and pressures associated and the establishment of environmental targets (through the use of indicators) to achieve GEnS by 2020

Functional Effects of Parasites on Food Web Properties during the Spring Diatom Bloom in Lake Pavin: A Linear Inverse Modeling Analysis

This study is the first assessment of the quantitative impact of parasitic chytrids on a planktonic food web. We used a carbon-based food web model of Lake Pavin (Massif Central, France) to investigate the effects of chytrids during the spring diatom bloom by developing models with and without chytrids. Linear inverse modelling procedures were employed to estimate undetermined flows in the lake. The Monte Carlo Markov chain linear inverse modelling procedure provided estimates of the ranges of model-derived fluxes. Model results support recent theories on the probable impact of parasites on food web function. In the lake, during spring, when ‘inedible’ algae (unexploited by planktonic herbivores) were the dominant primary producers, the epidemic growth of chytrids significantly reduced the sedimentation loss of algal carbon to the detritus pool through the production of grazer-exploitable zoospores. We also review some theories about the potential influence of parasites on ecological network properties and argue that parasitism contributes to longer carbon path lengths, higher levels of activity and specialization, and lower recycling. Considering the “structural asymmetry” hypothesis as a stabilizing pattern, chytrids should contribute to the stability of aquatic food webs

Towards ecosystem-based management: identifying operational food-web indicators for marine ecosystems

Modern approaches to Ecosystem-Based Management and sustainable use of marine resources must account for the myriad of pressures (interspecies, human and environmental) affecting marine ecosystems. The network of feeding interactions between co-existing species and populations (food webs) are an important aspect of all marine ecosystems and biodiversity. Here we describe and discuss a process to evaluate the selection of operational food-web indicators for use in evaluating marine ecosystem status. This process brought together experts in food-web ecology, marine ecology, and resource management, to identify available indicators that can be used to inform marine management. Standard evaluation criteria (availability and quality of data, conceptual basis, communicability, relevancy to management) were implemented to identify practical food-web indicators ready for operational use and indicators that hold promise for future use in policy and management. The major attributes of the final suite of operational food-web indicators were structure and functioning. Indicators that represent resilience of the marine ecosystem were less developed. Over 60 potential food-web indicators were evaluated and the final selection of operational food-web indicators includes: the primary production required to sustain a fishery, the productivity of seabirds (or charismatic megafauna), zooplankton indicators, primary productivity, integrated trophic indicators, and the biomass of trophic guilds. More efforts should be made to develop thresholds-based reference points for achieving Good Environmental Status. There is also a need for international collaborations to develop indicators that will facilitate management in marine ecosystems used by multiple countries.JRC.D.2-Water and Marine Resource

Que nous apprennent les propriétés émergentes des modèles statiques de réseaux trophiques sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes littoraux anthropisés ?

Static models using inverse analysis and ecological network analysis. Plankton systems in lakes, lagoons and on the sea shelf. Benthos-pelagos coupled systems in Marennes Oléron Bay. Methodological inovations.L'écologie a vu se développer, depuis une vingtaine d'années, une vision systémique se concentrant sur les interactions entre composantes de l'écosystème. L'association de ces composantes fait émerger des propriétés globales et agit en retour sur les propriétés des composantes. Ces propriétés sont dites émergentes. Leur étude a été appliquée aux réseaux trophiques de différents écosystèmes, pour la plupart littoraux, par des approches numériques visant à construire et analyser des modèles statiques. Une telle approche fait le choix de négliger certains aspects : structures spatiales, dynamiques temporelles, forçage des processus, dans l'objectif de favoriser la prise en compte d'un maximum de compartiments dans une vision synthétique. Ce travail repose entièrement sur les résultats acquis sur les différents compartiments et processus, avec comme objectif d'en faire une synthèse, de les confronter, et de dégager des propositions d'étude de nouveaux processus ou compartiments peu renseignés. De ma thèse à aujourd'hui, j'ai travaillé sur des questions relatives aux réseaux trophiques planctoniques avec, dans chaque situation, un contexte appliqué et un objectif fondamental. Celui-ci consiste à comprendre le fonctionnement de ce réseau planctonique. L'axe directeur utilisé pour discuter de la nature de ces différents réseaux trophiques planctoniques est essentiellement celui de Legendre et Rassoulzadegan (1996) reposant sur un gradient entre deux états : le réseau microbien et le réseau herbivore classique. On a ainsi pu dégager de nouveaux modes de fonctionnement des réseaux trophiques planctoniques et ces propriétés dégagées viennent enrichir la réflexion menée sur le problème appliqué soulevé dans chaque milieu. Suite à mon recrutement à l'Université de La Rochelle, la demande du LBEM était que je travaille sur les vasières intertidales tempérées, en couplant benthos et colonne d'eau. Le choix de conserver une approche en modèles statiques afin de prendre en compte au maximum la diversité fonctionnelle imposait de modifier les outils numériques pour les adapter à cet écosystème macrotidal. Les innovations apportées ont principalement concerné la modification de l'algorithme de l'analyse inverse par une approche de Monte Carlo, le couplage spatial par les flux de transport et des saisons, le développement d'indices basés sur les chaînes de Markov (liens lents ou rapides entre compartiments). L'application de ces méthodes à l'ensemble des données acquises sur le site de Brouage dans les Pertuis Charentais a permis de dégager les caractéristiques suivantes : i) rôle primordial du réseau microbien benthique : microphytobenthos, bactéries hétérotrophes, foraminifères, ii) rôle de cul-de-sac de la matière organique par les foraminifères (la place exacte des foraminifères dans le réseau reste à déterminer), iii) la nématofaune est la plaque tournante du réseau, iv) le réseau est importateur de détritus et exportateur de matière de « qualité », au sens de l'exergie. A partir de ce modèle, des scénarios ont pu être simulés sur des scenarii de culture et la conséquence d'une chute des productions primaires sur la nourriture disponible. Le modèle couplé en boites spatiales a permis de dégager 3 modes de fonctionnement distincts en fonction de la hauteur sur la zone intertidale. Outre ce travail sur la vasière de Brouage un travail de comparaison inter – sites a été initié par l'établissement d'un modèle à deux saisons sur la vasière de l'Aiguillon, au nord des Pertuis Charentais. Le fonctionnement trophique de cette vasière est très proche de celui de Brouage. Il s'en démarque surtout par un rôle moindre des bivalves cultivés et une forte exportation de matière par les poissons brouteurs (mulets). Outre une indication sur l'évolution naturelle des écosystèmes, les propriétés émergentes des réseaux trophiques peuvent être indicatrices d'un état d'évolution sous la pression de l'Homme. Il est alors nécessaire de développer des indicateurs d'écosystèmes capables d'évaluer les changements des environnements côtiers. L'utilisation des indices d'analyse des réseaux devrait permettre de passer à une vision systémique, s'intéressant aux interactions plutôt qu'aux stocks. Seule une comparaison étendue de nombreux réseaux en utilisant toujours les mêmes techniques permettra d'aller plus loin, en cherchant à observer vers quelles propriétés évoluent les systèmes, naturellement et sous pression anthropique

Stratégie de modélisation des écosystèmes

International audienc