Autonomia e dependência da sociedade civil no processo de desenvolvimento humano em Moçambique

A transição democrática em Moçambique abriu espaço para o estabelecimento e oficialização de múltiplas organizações da sociedade civil que, vocacionadas nas mais diversificadas áreas, tem atuado na arena pública nacional, um ambiente agónico onde tais organizações e outros intervenientes como o governo e as agências doadoras da comunidade internacional se envolvem em relações de poder buscando satisfazer seus interesses manifestos, latentes, explícitos, implícitos, altruístas, egoístas, ambíguos ou não. Ao contrário da opinião pública e dalguma literatura científica que olham para as organizações da sociedade civil como meros dependentes da ajuda externa e, por isso, subservientes das agendas dos doadores, o presente estudo mostra, em primeiro lugar, que há muitas organizações da sociedade civil moçambicana que não dependem de financiamentos externos. Em segundo lugar, há evidências de que dependência não implica subserviência. Por último e muito importante, identificámos vários exemplos de protagonismo, autonomia e sucesso da sociedade civil em disputas públicas contra interesses particulares de estruturas governamentais e de agências doadoras. Assim, foi confirmada a tese segundo a qual, sempre que as organizações da sociedade civil definem objetivos de bem-estar comum e mobilizam os cidadãos na base da homologia de dis/posições, respeito mútuo e ética de responsabilidade pública, conseguem o apoio popular necessário para reforçar a sua autonomia no processo de desenvolvimento humano entendido como conquista, usufruto e expansão de liberdades substantivas.Mozambique’s democratic transition paved the way for the establishment of a number of local civil society organizations dealing with diverse issues. These organizations and other stakeholders such as the government and the international community donor agencies have been operating in public arena, an agonizing environment engaging in power relations pursuing their interests whether manifest, latent, explicit, implicit, altruists, selfish, ambiguous or not. Contrary to public opinion and a certain body of scientific literature which regard civil society organizations as merely dependent on foreign aid and, therefore, subservient of donor agendas, this study shows, firstly, that there are many Mozambican civil society organizations that are not dependent on external financing. Secondly, there is evidence that dependence does not imply subservience. Finally and most importantly, we have identified a number of examples of civil society leadership, autonomy and success in public disputes against interests of government structures and donor agencies. Thus, the study confirmed the view that, where civil society organizations define common welfare objetives and mobilize citizens based on the homology of dis/positions and mutual ethics responsibility, they are able to attract the popular support needed to strengthen their autonomy in terms of the human development process understood as achievement, enjoyment, and expansion of substantive freedoms

Primeiro mestrado em PBL na Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo- Moçambique: experiências e desafios

O presente trabalho pretende descrever o processo de elaboração do primeiro currículo do Mestrado em Ciências de Nutrição no modelo de aprendizagem baseado em problemas (PBL) na Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. Argumenta-se que, embora seja complexo e exigente, a elaboração e implementação do currículo no modelo PBL, se afiguram necessárias e adequadas para minimizar problemas reais de alimentação e nutrição que afectam o quotidiano da população moçambicana. A elaboração do currículo teve a duração de dois anos e recorreu a métodos participativos que envolveram onze docentes de sete faculdades da Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, realização de consultas aos stakeholders, capacitação da comissão de desenvolvimento do currículo, participação em workshops, reuniões virtuais alargadas e encontros presenciais em pequenos grupos. Foram entrevistados 90 stakeholders de diferentes instituições, exercício que permitiu a definição do perfil profissional ideal para os mestres em ciências de nutrição no país. As reuniões virtuais, com facilitadores das Universidades de Maastricht e de Wageningen, ambas do Reino dos Países Baixos, resultaram na aquisição de conhecimento e habilidades necessários para o desenho do currículo e posterior implementação nos termos do modelo de aprendizagem baseado em problemas. As reuniões presenciais em pequenos grupos serviram para discussão e concertação de ideias que se afiguraram cruciais para os módulos que estavam a ser desenhados. Finalmente, os workshops permitiram um intenso trabalho que culminou com a elaboração integral do currículo e subsequente aprovação pelos órgãos colegiais da Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. Palavras-chave: aprendizagem baseada em problemas; elaboração de currículo; mestrado em ciências de nutrição

Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies

An Author Correction to this article: DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22955-x.Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.Peer reviewe

Anger and disgust shape judgments of social sanctions across cultures, especially in high individual autonomy societies

When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more likely to endorse confrontation, ostracism and, to a smaller extent, gossip. Moreover, we find that the experience of anger is consistently the strongest predictor of judgments of confrontation, compared to other emotions. Although the link between state-based emotions and judgments may seem universal, its strength varies across countries. Aligned with theoretical predictions, this link is stronger in societies, and among individuals, that place higher value on individual autonomy. Thus, autonomy values may increase the role that emotions play in guiding judgments of social sanctions

Anger and disgust shape judgments of social sanctions across cultures, especially in high individual autonomy societies

Abstract When someone violates a social norm, others may think that some sanction would be appropriate. We examine how the experience of emotions like anger and disgust relate to the judged appropriateness of sanctions, in a pre-registered analysis of data from a large-scale study in 56 societies. Across the world, we find that individuals who experience anger and disgust over a norm violation are more likely to endorse confrontation, ostracism and, to a smaller extent, gossip. Moreover, we find that the experience of anger is consistently the strongest predictor of judgments of confrontation, compared to other emotions. Although the link between state-based emotions and judgments may seem universal, its strength varies across countries. Aligned with theoretical predictions, this link is stronger in societies, and among individuals, that place higher value on individual autonomy. Thus, autonomy values may increase the role that emotions play in guiding judgments of social sanctions

Author Correction: Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies (Nature Communications, (2021), 12, 1, (1481), 10.1038/s41467-021-21602-9)

The original version of this Article contained an error in the author affiliations. Cecilia Reyna was incorrectly associated with ‘Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC). Facultad de Psicología (UNC), Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. de la Reforma esquina, Enfermera Gordillo s/n, Córdoba, Argentina.’ instead of the correct ‘Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CABA, República Argentina.’ This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article

Perceptions of the appropriate response to norm violation in 57 societies

Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate