МОТИВАЦИЯ НА СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЗНАЧИМУЮ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ КАК УСЛОВИЕ УСПЕШНОЙ СОЦИАЛИЗАЦИИ ЛИЧНОСТИ

In modern society, the search for pedagogical conditions for the successful socialization of youth is an urgent scientific problem. The result of successful socialization is a formed social competence, which is understood as an integrative personal education, including knowledge, skills, abilities, which are formed in the process of socialization and allow a person to quickly and adequately adapt in society and effectively interact with the social environment. An important component of social competence is the motivation for socially significant activity, which serves as a prevention of destructive behavior in society. The authors put forward the thesis about the need to build a comprehensive work aimed at the formation of social competence, including pedagogical support (a set of pedagogical conditions that contribute to the formation of social competence), strengthening the educational component in education and building relationships with young people. The results of a study conducted at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at Orenburg State University FSBEI of HE with the use of funds from the Orenburg Regional Palace of Children and Youth Creativity GBUDO, confirmed the hypothesis: the formation of social competence of youth will be effective when implementing a set of pedagogical conditions aimed at managing the process of socialization of youth: a coordinated space is formed (based on the use of the potential of the general and complement education), which contributes to the integration of youth in the system of public relations; pedagogical support (through the educational component) of the process of socialization of youth in a coordinated space was provided; motivation (personal meaning) for socially significant, creative activity is actualized. Personal needs, motivation, a positive attitude to work, creativity (motivational sphere) are formed due to the awareness of the personal significance of socially useful activities. The authors conclude that in the process of successful socialization of youth, the formation of social competence takes place, and the motivational sphere plays a leading role in this process. The following motives are central to motivation: the motive of success (achievement), the motive of fear (failure) and the motive of self-affirmation. Motivation for success is one of the indicators of successful socialization of youth, preventing the formation of destructive actions. Self-realization in socially significant activities contributes to the self-assertion of the individual. The motive of self-affirmation in constructive activity serves as a prevention of destructive, anti-social behavior.В современном обществе поиск педагогических условий для успешной социализации молодежи является актуальной научной проблемой. Результатом успешной социализации является сформированная социальная компетентность, которая понимается как интегративное личностное образование, включающее знания, навыки, умения, которые формируются в процессе социализации и позволяют человеку быстро и адекватно адаптироваться в обществе и эффективно взаимодействовать с социальной средой. Важным компонентом социальной компетентности является мотивация на социально значимую деятельность, которая служит профилактикой деструктивного поведения в обществе. Авторы выдвигают тезис о необходимости выстраивания комплексной работы, направленной на формирование социальной компетентности, в том числе на педагогическое сопровождение (совокупность педагогических условий, способствующих формированию социальной компетентности), усиление воспитательной компоненты в образовании. Результаты исследования, проведенного на факультете гуманитарных и социальных наук Оренбургского государственного университета ФГБОУ ВО с использованием средств Оренбургского областного дворца детского и юношеского творчества ГБУДО, подтвердили гипотезу: формирование социальной компетентности молодежи позволит быть эффективным при реализации комплекса педагогических условий, направленных на управление процессом социализации молодежи: формируется скоординированное пространство (на основе использования потенциала общего и дополнительного образования), что способствует интеграции молодежи в систему общественных отношений; оказана педагогическая поддержка (через образовательный компонент) процесса социализации молодежи в скоординированном пространстве; актуализируется мотивация (личностный смысл) социально значимой, творческой деятельности. Личные потребности, мотивация, позитивное отношение к работе, креативность (мотивационная сфера) формируются за счет осознания личностной значимости общественно-полезной деятельности. Авторы приходят к выводу, что в процессе успешной социализации молодежи происходит формирование социальной компетентности, и мотивационная сфера играет ведущую роль в этом процессе. Следующие мотивы являются центральными для мотивации: мотив успеха (достижения), мотив страха (неудачи) и мотив самоутверждения. Мотивация к успеху является одним из показателей успешной социализации молодежи, препятствующей формированию деструктивных действий. Самореализация в общественно значимой деятельности способствует самоутверждению личности. Мотив самоутверждения в конструктивной деятельности служит профилактикой деструктивного, антиобщественного поведения. &nbsp

Concepts and сriteria for the classification of small and medium-sized business in Russia

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to study the concepts and criteria for classifying businesses to the category of Small and Medium-sized business according to the legislation of the Russian Federation. In the course of the study, the authors analyzed the criteria by which the subjects are identified as Small and Medium-sized enterprises and, accordingly, are entitled to receive state support. Design/Methodology/Approach: The authors' analysis is based on the literature review and statistical data analysis regarding the concept of entrepreurship and its legal background. Findings: The authors presented analytical data on business entities, citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activity, state support of entrepreneurial activity and introduced a conceptual classification benchmark. Practical implications: Authors' findings could be applied in improving the legal and economic entrepreneurial frameworks of Russia. Originality/Value: The contribution of the article is the authors' approach in classifying SMEs (Small and Medium-sized entities) and their state support as well as recommendations regarding the entrepreneurial activity and its development.peer-reviewe

LINE-1 retrotransposon methylation in chorionic villi of first trimester miscarriages with aneuploidy

Purpose High frequency of aneuploidy in meiosis and cleavage stage coincides with waves of epigenetic genome reprogramming that may indicate a possible association between epigenetic mechanisms and aneuploidy occurrence. This study aimed to assess the methylation level of the long interspersed repeat element 1 (LINE-1) retrotransposon in chorionic villi of first trimester miscarriages with a normal karyotype and aneuploidy. Methods The methylation level was assessed at 19 LINE-1 promoter CpG sites in chorionic villi of 141 miscarriages with trisomy of chromosomes 2, 6, 8-10, 13-15, 16, 18, 20-22, and monosomy X using massive parallel sequencing. Results The LINE-1 methylation level was elevated statistically significant in chorionic villi of miscarriages with both trisomy (45.2 +/- 4.3%) and monosomy X (46.9 +/- 4.2%) compared with that in induced abortions (40.0 +/- 2.4%) (p < 0.00001). The LINE-1 methylation levels were specific for miscarriages with different aneuploidies and significantly increased in miscarriages with trisomies 8, 14, and 18 and monosomy X (p < 0.05). The LINE-1 methylation level increased with gestational age both for group of miscarriages regardless of karyotype (R = 0.21, p = 0.012) and specifically for miscarriages with trisomy 16 (R = 0.48, p = 0.007). LINE-1 methylation decreased with maternal age in miscarriages with a normal karyotype (R = - 0.31, p = 0.029) and with trisomy 21 (R = - 0.64, p = 0.024) and increased with paternal age for miscarriages with trisomy 16 (R = 0.38, p = 0.048) and monosomy X (R = 0.73, p = 0.003). Conclusion Our results indicate that the pathogenic effects of aneuploidy in human embryogenesis can be supplemented with significant epigenetic changes in the repetitive sequences

Novel Photosensitizers Trigger Rapid Death of Malignant Human Cells and Rodent Tumor Transplants via Lipid Photodamage and Membrane Permeabilization

BACKGROUND: Apoptotic cascades may frequently be impaired in tumor cells; therefore, the approaches to circumvent these obstacles emerge as important therapeutic modalities. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Our novel derivatives of chlorin e(6), that is, its amide (compound 2) and boronated amide (compound 5) evoked no dark toxicity and demonstrated a significantly higher photosensitizing efficacy than chlorin e(6) against transplanted aggressive tumors such as B16 melanoma and M-1 sarcoma. Compound 5 showed superior therapeutic potency. Illumination with red light of mammalian tumor cells loaded with 0.1 µM of 5 caused rapid (within the initial minutes) necrosis as determined by propidium iodide staining. The laser confocal microscopy-assisted analysis of cell death revealed the following order of events: prior to illumination, 5 accumulated in Golgi cysternae, endoplasmic reticulum and in some (but not all) lysosomes. In response to light, the reactive oxygen species burst was concomitant with the drop of mitochondrial transmembrane electric potential, the dramatic changes of mitochondrial shape and the loss of integrity of mitochondria and lysosomes. Within 3-4 min post illumination, the plasma membrane became permeable for propidium iodide. Compounds 2 and 5 were one order of magnitude more potent than chlorin e(6) in photodamage of artificial liposomes monitored in a dye release assay. The latter effect depended on the content of non-saturated lipids; in liposomes consisting of saturated lipids no photodamage was detectable. The increased therapeutic efficacy of 5 compared with 2 was attributed to a striking difference in the ability of these photosensitizers to permeate through hydrophobic membrane interior as evidenced by measurements of voltage jump-induced relaxation of transmembrane current on planar lipid bilayers. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The multimembrane photodestruction and cell necrosis induced by photoactivation of 2 and 5 are directly associated with membrane permeabilization caused by lipid photodamage

Genomic Dissection of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia, Including 28 Subphenotypes

publisher: Elsevier articletitle: Genomic Dissection of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia, Including 28 Subphenotypes journaltitle: Cell articlelink: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.046 content_type: article copyright: © 2018 Elsevier Inc

On One Type of Decoration of the Mari Costume in the 16th – 18th Centuries

The authors use materials of 12 funerary complexes from Kartukovo, Vyzhum and Vazhnanger burial grounds to study one element of the Mari costume in the 16th – 18th centuries: collars or neckline trimmings (1.5–2.5 cm wide ribbons decorated with fl ounce of golden threads). Thermal and visual methods applied to the samples established that the item was crocheted of silk threads. All studied burials are dated by 16th – 18th centuries and are the earliest complexes containing crocheted items. Artefacts of crocheting were also found in the Mordva burial grounds. The raw silk for the fabric and the fl ounce of golden thread were bought in the trade centers located in the Volga region. The materials published in this article offer new data for the study of the Finno-Ugric household (Mari and Mordovians) in the Middle Ages and the New Time, as well as history of appearance and dissemination of crocheting techniques

Sabretache from Burial 8 of the Krasnogorsk Burial Ground. Historical Aspect

The finds of purses/sabretache with front side coating of metal sheets are of considerable interest for the study of the cultural ties of the population of the Vetluga-Vyatka interfluvial area. Purses/sabretache, decorated with sheets and plates, are well known since the 10th century in the Carpathian basin and East European region, and even found on some Scandinavian burial grounds. Items of this type in the Vetluga-Vyatka interfluve were found on the Veselovsky, Rusenikha and Anatkasy burial grounds. But, unfortunately, the finds are poorly preserved, which does not allow a complete reconstruction of the items. In 2019, another handbag was found on the Krasnogorsk burial ground of Mari culture of the 10th century. A good preservation of organic matters and a comprehensive study of the details of the sabretache made it possible to reconstruct the full view of the item. The find from burial 8 of the Krasnogorsk burial ground was examined against a background of wide analogies from the medieval sites of the Carpathian basin, East European and Eurasian regions that allowed to find the place of the item in the system of international connections and to take a closer look at the issue of the genesis and ways of spread of this type of objects

Syntrophic Growth of <i>Biomaibacter acetigenes</i> Strain SP2 on Lactate and Glycerol

A moderately thermophilic Gram-positive chemo-organotrophic bacterium, strain SP2, was isolated by serial dilutions with crotonate and yeast extract as substrates from a butyrate-degrading methanogenic enrichment obtained from thermophilically digested sludge of the Kuryanoskaya wastewater treatment plant (Moscow, Russia). Cells of strain SP2 are spore-forming rods, sometimes occurring in short chains. The bacterium is an obligate anaerobe that grows at temperatures from 20 to 70 °C (55–60 °C optimum) within a pH range of 3.5–8 (7.5 optimum) and with NaCl concentrations of up to 2.5%. The strain utilized yeast extract and simple sugars as carbon and energy sources. Thiosulfate was used as an electron acceptor when grown on sucrose, resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide and the accumulation of elemental sulfur globules inside the cells. Strain SP2 is phylogenetically related to Biomaibacter acetigenes strain SK-G1T as revealed by comparison with the 16S rRNA gene (99.9% identity) and genome (ANI 99%, dDDH 90%) of both strains. It is interesting that strain SP2 was capable of syntrophic conversion of glycerol and lactate when co-cultivated with hydrogenotrophic methanogen, which was not previously shown for the SK-G1T type of strain. The isolation and in-depth study of new facultatively syntrophic microorganisms is important for wastewater treatment ecotechnologies due to their ability to switch to an alternative source of carbon and energy and therefore greater resistance to changing environmental conditions in bioreactors