Strong Coupling of Self-Trapped Excitons to Acoustic Phonons in Bismuth Perovskite Cs3Bi2I9\textrm{Cs}_{3}\textrm{Bi}_{2}\textrm{I}_{9}

To assess the potential optoelectronic applications of metal-halide perovskites, it is critical to have a detailed understanding of the nature, strength, and dynamics of the interactions between carriers and the polar lattices. Here, we report the electronic and structural dynamics of bismuth-based perovskite $\textrm{Cs}_{3}\textrm{Bi}_{2}\textrm{I}_{9}$ revealed by transient reflectivity and ultrafast electron diffraction. A cross-examination of these experimental results combined with theoretical analyses allows the identification of the major carrier-phonon coupling mechanism and the associated time scales. It is found that carriers photoinjected into $\textrm{Cs}_{3}\textrm{Bi}_{2}\textrm{I}_{9}$ form self-trapped excitons on an ultrafast time scale. However, they retain most of their energy and their coupling to Fr\"ohlich-type optical phonons is limited at early times. Instead, the long-lived excitons exert an electronic stress via deformation potential and develop a prominent, sustaining strain field as coherent acoustic phonons in 10 ps. From sub-ps to ns and beyond, a similar extent of the atomic displacements is found throughout the different stages of structural distortions, from limited local modulations to a coherent strain field to the Debye-Waller random atomic motions on longer times. The current results suggest the potential use of bismuth-based perovskites for applications other than photovoltaics to take advantage of carriers' stronger self-trapping and long lifetime.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures for the main tex

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

A comprehensive review on synthesis and applications of single crystal perovskite halides

Halide based perovskite materials have fascinated strong attention for being a hopeful candidate for optoelectronic device applications. Single-crystalline halide perovskites exhibit no grain boundaries and possess low trap densities; and are therefore likely to show superior optoelectronic performances in comparison to their polycrystalline film counterparts. In spite of this, their basic perceptive of physico-chemical properties are however controversial to the scientific society. In this review article, we present the deep insight into all the reported protocols available for the synthesis of purely inorganic as well as hybrid halide perovskites (incorporating organic as well as inorganic cation) to achieve high-quality single crystals. On account of advanced characteristics like long carrier recombination lifetime and exciton diffusion length, wide-ranging visible to NIR absorption, high charge mobility, controllable optoelectronic properties etc., hybrid halide perovskites have emerged to be a tough challenger in the optoelectronic research area in comparison to the purely inorganic halide perovskites and have consequently been paid much attention. Therefore, the optoelectronic properties and convenient applications of particularly hybrid halide single-crystal perovskites in various optoelectronic devices like solar cell, laser, high energy ray detector, photodetector, light-emitting diode, etc are highlighted