132 research outputs found
A Neural Correlate of Predicted and Actual Reward-Value Information in Monkey Pedunculopontine Tegmental and Dorsal Raphe Nucleus during Saccade Tasks
Dopamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin, the main modulators of the central nervous system, have been proposed to play important roles in the execution of movement, control of several forms of attentional behavior, and reinforcement learning. While the response pattern of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and its specific role in reinforcement learning have been revealed, the role of the other neuromodulators remains rather elusive. Here, we review our recent studies using extracellular recording from neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, where many cholinergic neurons exist, and the dorsal raphe nucleus, where many serotonergic neurons exist, while monkeys performed eye movement tasks to obtain different reward values. The firing patterns of these neurons are often tonic throughout the task period, while dopaminergic neurons exhibited a phasic activity pattern to the task event. The different modulation patterns, together with the activity of dopaminergic neurons, reveal dynamic information processing between these different neuromodulator systems
Adiabatic quantum computation along quasienergies
The parametric deformations of quasienergies and eigenvectors of unitary
operators are applied to the design of quantum adiabatic algorithms. The
conventional, standard adiabatic quantum computation proceeds along
eigenenergies of parameter-dependent Hamiltonians. By contrast, discrete
adiabatic computation utilizes adiabatic passage along the quasienergies of
parameter-dependent unitary operators. For example, such computation can be
realized by a concatenation of parameterized quantum circuits, with an
adiabatic though inevitably discrete change of the parameter. A design
principle of adiabatic passage along quasienergy is recently proposed: Cheon's
quasienergy and eigenspace anholonomies on unitary operators is available to
realize anholonomic adiabatic algorithms [Tanaka and Miyamoto, Phys. Rev. Lett.
98, 160407 (2007)], which compose a nontrivial family of discrete adiabatic
algorithms. It is straightforward to port a standard adiabatic algorithm to an
anholonomic adiabatic one, except an introduction of a parameter |v>, which is
available to adjust the gaps of the quasienergies to control the running time
steps. In Grover's database search problem, the costs to prepare |v> for the
qualitatively different, i.e., power or exponential, running time steps are
shown to be qualitatively different. Curiously, in establishing the equivalence
between the standard quantum computation based on the circuit model and the
anholonomic adiabatic quantum computation model, it is shown that the cost for
|v> to enlarge the gaps of the eigenvalue is qualitatively negligible.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figure
Preparation of Corrosion-Resistant Films on Magnesium Alloys by Steam Coating
This chapter introduces a novel, chemical-free “steam coating” method for preparing films on magnesium (Mg) alloys and assesses their effectiveness in improving the corrosion resistance of two different Mg alloys. A film composed of crystalline Mg(OH)2 and Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) was successfully formed on AZ31 Mg alloy, and its corrosion resistance was evaluated through electrochemical measurements and immersion tests in an aqueous solution containing 5 wt.% NaCl. An anticorrosive film was also formed on Ca-added flame-resistant AM60 (AMCa602) Mg alloy via the same steam coating method and found to be composed of crystalline Mg(OH)2 and Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH). Its corrosion resistance was also investigated, and the effectiveness of the steam coating method for improving the corrosion resistance of Mg was fully explored
Identification of neuron-type specific promoters in monkey genome and their functional validation in mice
Expression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 correlates with survival outcome in patients with metastatic breast cancer: exploratory study using primary and paired metastatic lesions
Evaluation of immunostaining of EZH2 and Ki67. (DOC 52 kb
Effects of ytterbium laser surface treatment on the bonding of two resin cements to zirconia.
Monolithic zirconia crowns bonded to zirconia abutments have become more commonly used in the construction of cement-retained implant superstructures. The present study aimed to examine the effects of laser surface treatments on the bond strength of two resin cements to zirconia. Three types of surfaces were examined: untreated, alumina blasted, and ytterbium laser treated; and two types of resin cements: 4-META/MMA-TBB resin cement and composite resin cement. Half of the specimens were subjected to a thermocycling process. Subsequently, a shear bond test was carried out. In addition, surface roughness was measured for each surface type. The results showed that laser treatment increased zirconia surface roughness and that laser treatment significantly increased shear bond strength after the thermocycling of both cement types compared to no treatment. Our experimental results suggested that ytterbium laser surface treatment of zirconia increased the bond strength of resin cements.福岡歯科大学2021年
Distinct Functions of the Primate Putamen Direct and Indirect Pathways in Adaptive Outcome-Based Action Selection
Cortico-basal ganglia circuits are critical regulators of reward-based decision making. Reinforcement learning models posit that action reward value is encoded by the firing activity of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and updated upon changing reinforcement contingencies by dopamine (DA) signaling to these neurons. However, it remains unclear how the anatomically distinct direct and indirect pathways through the basal ganglia are involved in updating action reward value under changing contingencies. MSNs of the direct pathway predominantly express DA D1 receptors and those of the indirect pathway predominantly D2 receptors, so we tested for distinct functions in behavioral adaptation by injecting D1 and D2 receptor antagonists into the putamen of two macaque monkeys performing a free choice task for probabilistic reward. In this task, monkeys turned a handle toward either a left or right target depending on an asymmetrically assigned probability of large reward. Reward probabilities of left and right targets changed after 30-150 trials, so the monkeys were required to learn the higher-value target choice based on action-outcome history. In the control condition, the monkeys showed stable selection of the higher-value target (that more likely to yield large reward) and kept choosing the higher-value target regardless of less frequent small reward outcomes. The monkeys also made flexible changes of selection away from the high-value target when two or three small reward outcomes occurred randomly in succession. DA D1 antagonist injection significantly increased the probability of the monkey switching to the alternate target in response to successive small reward outcomes. Conversely, D2 antagonist injection significantly decreased the switching probability. These results suggest distinct functions of D1 and D2 receptor-mediated signaling processes in action selection based on action-outcome history, with D1 receptor-mediated signaling promoting the stable choice of higher-value targets and D2 receptor-mediated signaling promoting a switch in action away from small reward outcomes. Therefore, direct and indirect pathways appear to have complementary functions in maintaining optimal goal-directed action selection and updating action value, which are dependent on D1 and D2 DA receptor signaling
Toward a multiscale modeling framework for understanding serotonergic function
Despite its importance in regulating emotion and mental wellbeing, the complex structure and function of the serotonergic system present formidable challenges toward understanding its mechanisms. In this paper, we review studies investigating the interactions between serotonergic and related brain systems and their behavior at multiple scales, with a focus on biologically-based computational modeling. We first discuss serotonergic intracellular signaling and neuronal excitability, followed by neuronal circuit and systems levels. At each level of organization, we will discuss the experimental work accompanied by related computational modeling work. We then suggest that a multiscale modeling approach that integrates the various levels of neurobiological organization could potentially transform the way we understand the complex functions associated with serotonin
Genome-wide SNP analysis reveals population structure and demographic history of the ryukyu islanders in the southern part of the Japanese archipelago.
The Ryukyu Islands are located to the southwest of the Japanese archipelago. Archaeological evidence has revealed the existence of prehistoric cultural differentiation between the northern Ryukyu islands of Amami and Okinawa, and the southern Ryukyu islands of Miyako and Yaeyama. To examine a genetic subdivision in the Ryukyu Islands, we conducted genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism typing of inhabitants from the Okinawa Islands, the Miyako Islands, and the Yaeyama Islands. Principal component and cluster analyses revealed genetic differentiation among the island groups, especially between Okinawa and Miyako. No genetic affinity was observed between aboriginal Taiwanese and any of the Ryukyu populations. The genetic differentiation observed between the inhabitants of the Okinawa Islands and the Miyako Islands is likely to have arisen due to genetic drift rather than admixture with people from neighboring regions. Based on the observed genetic differences, the divergence time between the inhabitants of Okinawa and Miyako islands was dated to the Holocene. These findings suggest that the Pleistocene inhabitants, whose bones have been found on the southern Ryukyu Islands, did not make a major genetic contribution, if any, to the present-day inhabitants of the southern Ryukyu Islands
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