The Convergence of Expansion Method of Chebyshev Polynomials

In this paper, the weakly singular linear and nonlinear integro-differential equations are solved by using expansion method of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind .The approximation solution of this equation is calculated in the form of a series which its components are computed easily .The existence and uniqueness of the solution and the convergence of the proposed method are proved. Numerical examples are studied to demonstrate the accuracy of the presented method. Keywords: China insurance industry, Volterra integral equations, Fredholm integral equations, Integro-differential equations, Singular integral equations, Chebyshev polynomials method

Arthroscopic treatment of intercondylar eminence fractures with intraepiphyseal screws in children and adolescents

INTRODUCTION: Tibial intercondylar eminence fracture rarely occurs in childhood. Its treatment requires anatomic reduction to provide knee stability and a rigid fixation to minimize postoperative immobilization time. HYPOTHESIS: Arthroscopy combined with fluoroscopy with intra-epiphyseal ASNIS screw fixation can meet the requirements of this treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The series comprised 24 patients (mean age: 11 years) with Meyers and McKeever type II tibial intercondylar eminence fractures (n=15) or type III (n=9), operated on between 2011 and 2013. Fixation with 4-mm ASNIS screws was placed arthroscopically. The demographic data, associated lesions, radiological union, stability, functional result, and the Lysholm score were evaluated. RESULTS: With a mean follow-up of 2 years, the mean Lysholm score was 99.3 for type II and 98.6 for type III fractures. At the 6th postoperative week, range of motion in the operated knees was identical to the healthy knees. At the 12th postoperative week, there was no sign of anterior laxity. Twelve cases included meniscal entrapment, but no significant difference was observed in the functional results. DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION: ASNIS screw fixation under arthroscopy can be successfully applied in the treatment of types II and III tibial intercondylar eminence fractures in children. This technique provides excellent stability, allows early weigh-tbearing, and preserves function of the knee and its growth. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, retrospective study

A Quick Review of Avicenna View on Raja's Treatment (Pseudocyesis)

زمینه و هدف: حاملگی کاذب با اصطلاح امید بیهوده، بارداری دروغین و یا رجا در طب ایرانی، بیماری نادری است که فرد توهم بارداری دارد، در حالی‌ که عملاً چنین نیست. هدف تحقیق حاضر، سیری تحلیلی بر دیدگاه حکیم ابوعلی سینا در شناخت و درمان رجا است. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه مروری و کتابخانه‌ای، آرا و نظرات ایشان با استفاده از کتاب «القانون فی الطب» در باب این بیماری، از زوایایی تشخیصی و درمانی، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. جهت تجزیه‌ و تحلیل و نیز مقایسه اطلاعات موجود با سایر محققین، واژه‌های حاملگی دروغین، حاملگی کاذب، شبه‌حاملگی، ابن سینا، طب ایرانی، عصر باستان، در پایگاه‌ها و بانک‌های اطلاعاتی SID، PubMed، Scopus، Science Direct، Magiran، Irandoc، IranMedex، UpToDate، Google Scholar جستجو و مستندات علمی جمع‌بندی شد. یافته‌ها: تعریف روشن از حاملگی کاذب و ارائه روش‌های تشخیص افتراقی و تبیین دلایل ایجاد آن از ویژگی‌های خاص این نوشتار است. ارائه تجویزهای درمانی شامل داروهای محلل و ملین به صورت ضماد، نطولات، کمادات، نشاندن در آبزن و داروهای سقط‌آور از جمله آن‌ها است. اکثر داروهای تجویزی، دارای طبیعت گرم و خشک هستند که برای تعدیل مزاج و رفع سوء مزاج ایجادشده در رحم مفید می‌باشند. نتیجه‌گیری: ابن سینا در مقایسه با حکمای قبل از خود تشخیص افتراقی حاملگی مولار از حاملگی کاذب علل و درمان آن را به وضوح بیان کرده است. نوآوری و خلاقیت در معاینه، تشخیص و بهره‌مندی از درمان‌های هدفمند از ویژگی‌های منحصر به ‌فرد ایشان در درمان این بیماری است که تحقیقات عمیق‌تر در این راستا را طلب می‌کند.Background and Aim: Pseudocyesis with the term "futile hope", "false pregnancy" or "Raja" in Iranian medicine is a rare illness in which an individual has an illusion of pregnancy, while practically not pregnant. The purpose of this study is to analyze the Avicenna view of Raja's knowledge and treatment. Materials and Methods: In this review and library, his views and opinions were examined using the Al-Qanoun Fi-al-Tiba book on the disease, from diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives. In order to analyze and compare available information with other researchers, false pregnancy, Pseudocyesis, Avicenna, Persian medicine, ancient history, in the SID databases, PubMed, Magiran, Irandoc, IranMedex, UpToDate, Google scholar Search and the scientific documents were summed up. Findings: Specific features of this writing include definition of pseudocyesis and presentation of recognition and expression of reasons for producing it. Presenting therapeutic prescriptions include soluble and laxative drugs, such as hypotension, inflammation, abdominal distension, abortion and abortion drugs. Most prescription drugs are hot and dry in nature, which are useful for modulating the mood and eliminating abnormalities in the uterus. Conclusion: Avicenna in contrast with modern physicians has expressed difference between mole pregnancy and pseudocyesis. Innovation in examination, identification and utilization of targeted treatments are unique features of Avicenna for the treatment of this disorder and more in-depth research studies are requested in this direction.   Please cite this article as: Mord Bayati B, Changizi Ashtiyani S, Rajabnejad MR, Najdi N, Jafarypour H. A Quick Review of Avicenna View on Raja's Treatment (Pseudocyesis). Med Hist J 2018; 9(33): 7-17

Do governance factors matter for happiness in the MENA region?

Purpose - Unhappiness has been recognized as one of the main factors that cause political unrest in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in recent years. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of governance matters on happiness in the MENA region while controlling for other relevant determinants. Design/methodology/approach - The paper applies panel random effects regression analyses by using data from 14 MENA countries over the period of 2009-2011. Findings - The empirical results show that higher level of political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness and rule of law significantly increase happiness in the region. Furthermore, the paper finds that voice and accountability, regulatory quality and control of corruption variables have positive relationship with happiness but are not significant. Originality/value - Most studies in this area cover developed countries. Since findings for developed countries might not be directly transferable to emerging economies such as MENA countries, therefore, more work is necessary to obtain a clearer picture of the political determinants of happiness in this region

Sport facilities and sporting success in Iran: The Resource Curse Hypothesis

In recent years, the Iranian Government has increased its expenditures on sport activities. The aims of these expenditures are: first, to develop recreational sport facilities to improve public health and to use sport as an instrument of social engineering; and second, to provide elite-level facilities to build a powerful sports nation. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between government expenditures on sport facilities (GXSF) and sporting success in the oil-rich economy, Iran. Applying regression analyses to the 31 provinces, our results indicated that a higher level of GXFS was not a significant determinant of sporting success. This result may have been due to the fact that national sport resources are directed toward the inefficient provinces because of a high level of patronage behaviors among political elites and the mismanagement of sport funds. Moreover, our results suggested that provinces with larger populations, hosting more sport events and having more investment in sports by the private sector have higher levels of sporting success. The implications of these findings are discussed

Globalization indicators-inbound tourism relationship in the MENA region

This study examines the short- and long-run relationship between globalization indicators and inbound tourism in the Middle East and North Africa region, using data from 1995 to 2008. Panel cointegration techniques are used to analyse short- and longrun relationships. The results show that inbound tourism can promote globalization and also that integration into the global economy and society encourages tourist arrivals in the region in the short and long run. From the results, it is recommended that the region’s policy-makers should utilize the complementary association between globalization and international tourism to promote economic growth in the region. They can also utilize the tourism sector as a tool to enhance the connectivity of their economies and societies with other parts of the world