253 research outputs found
Motif Minang Kaluak Paku Kacang Balimbiang pada Busana Kasual
Minangkabau sebagai salah satu suku bangsa yang mengisi kekhasan
budaya Indonesia memiliki warisan budaya yang terpencar dalam berbagai aspek
kehidupannya. Salah satu warisan budaya adalah seni ukir. Seni ukir yang
dikembangkan dengan mengambil ide dari alam memiliki makna-makna filosofi
bagi kehidupan masyarakat Minangkabau. Semua jenis ukiran yang dipahatkan di
Rumah Gadang menunjukkan unsur penting pembentuk budaya Minangkabau
bercerminkan kepada apa yang ada di alam. Salah satu ukiran pada rumah gadang
yaitu kaluak paku. Kaluak paku adalah nama salah satu motif ukiran dalam adat
Minangkabau. Berasal dari motif gulungan (kelukan/kaluak) pada ujung tanaman
pakis (paku) yang masih muda. Ukiran kaluak paku rumah gadang melambangkan
tanggung jawab seorang lelaki dalam adat Minangkabau kepada generasi penerus,
sebagai ayah dari anak-anaknya dan sebagai mamak dari kemenakan (keponakan).
Ukiran rumah gadang kaluak paku minangkabau inilah yang menjadi sumber ide
penciptaan busana pada tugas akhir ini.
Pada Penciptaan karya ini menggunakan beberapa metode, yaitu metode
pendekatan estetis dan ergonomis, metode pengumpulan data dengan studi
pustaka, dan motode penciptaan dengan teori Gustami Sp 3 tahap 6 Langkah.
Dalam proses pembuatan karya dibutuhkan beberapa data, cara pengumpulan data
acuan berdasarkan pengumpulan data pustaka yaitu berupa buku, jurnal pada
media sosial, serta aplikasi pada smartphone seperti pinterest. Data yang
dikumpulkan yang paling utama adalah gambar bentuk visual dari ukiran tanaman
kaluak paku minangkabau dan busana kasual.
Penciptaan karya yang dihasilkan yaitu berupa 8 busana kasual. Siluet pada
kesuluruhan hasil karya yaitu memiliki siluet A yang mengembang pada bagian
bawah. Pada penciptaan karya ini menggunakan bahan utama primisima.
Perpaduan warna yang diterapkan menggunakan warna khas minangkabau yang
diambil dari warna bendera adatnya “marawa” yaitu merah, hitam, dan kuning.
Karya- karya yang dihasilkan dengan penggunaan warna tersebut sangat sesuai
dengan tema yang mengangkat ukiran rumah gadang kaluak paku minangkabau.
Kata Kunci : Minang, Kaluak Paku Kacang Balimbiang, Kasua
The genomes of two key bumblebee species with primitive eusocial organization
Background: The shift from solitary to social behavior is one of the major evolutionary transitions. Primitively eusocial bumblebees are uniquely placed to illuminate the evolution of highly eusocial insect societies. Bumblebees are also invaluable natural and agricultural pollinators, and there is widespread concern over recent population declines in some species. High-quality genomic data will inform key aspects of bumblebee biology, including susceptibility to implicated population viability threats. Results: We report the high quality draft genome sequences of Bombus terrestris and Bombus impatiens, two ecologically dominant bumblebees and widely utilized study species. Comparing these new genomes to those of the highly eusocial honeybee Apis mellifera and other Hymenoptera, we identify deeply conserved similarities, as well as novelties key to the biology of these organisms. Some honeybee genome features thought to underpin advanced eusociality are also present in bumblebees, indicating an earlier evolution in the bee lineage. Xenobiotic detoxification and immune genes are similarly depauperate in bumblebees and honeybees, and multiple categories of genes linked to social organization, including development and behavior, show high conservation. Key differences identified include a bias in bumblebee chemoreception towards gustation from olfaction, and striking differences in microRNAs, potentially responsible for gene regulation underlying social and other traits. Conclusions: These two bumblebee genomes provide a foundation for post-genomic research on these key pollinators and insect societies. Overall, gene repertoires suggest that the route to advanced eusociality in bees was mediated by many small changes in many genes and processes, and not by notable expansion or depauperation
Improving spatial prioritisation for remote marine regions: optimising biodiversity conservation and sustainable development trade-offs
Creating large conservation zones in remote areas, with less intense stakeholder overlap and limited environmental information, requires periodic review to ensure zonation mitigates primary threats and fill gaps in representation, while achieving conservation targets. Follow-up reviews can utilise improved methods and data, potentially identifying new planning options yielding a desirable balance between stakeholder interests. This research explored a marine zoning system in north-west Australia–abiodiverse area with poorly documented biota. Although remote, it is economically significant (i.e. petroleum extraction and fishing). Stakeholder engagement was used to source the best available biodiversity and socio-economic data and advanced spatial analyses produced 765 high resolution data layers, including 674 species distributions representing 119 families. Gap analysis revealed the current proposed zoning system as inadequate, with 98.2% of species below the Convention on Biological Diversity 10% representation targets. A systematic conservation planning algorithm Maxan provided zoning options to meet representation targets while balancing this with industry interests. Resulting scenarios revealed that conservation targets could be met with minimal impacts on petroleum and fishing industries, with estimated losses of 4.9% and 7.2% respectively. The approach addressed important knowledge gaps and provided a powerful and transparent method to reconcile industry interests with marine conservation
Analysis of C3 Suggests Three Periods of Positive Selection Events and Different Evolutionary Patterns between Fish and Mammals
BACKGROUND: The third complement component (C3) is a central protein of the complement system conserved from fish to mammals. It also showed distinct characteristics in different animal groups. Striking features of the fish complement system were unveiled, including prominent levels of extrahepatic expression and isotypic diversity of the complement components. The evidences of the involvement of complement system in the enhancement of B and T cell responses found in mammals indicated that the complement system also serves as a bridge between the innate and adaptive responses. For the reasons mentioned above, it is interesting to explore the evolutionary process of C3 genes and to investigate whether the huge differences between aquatic and terrestrial environments affected the C3 evolution between fish and mammals. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Analysis revealed that these two groups of animals had experienced different evolution patterns. The mammalian C3 genes were under purifying selection pressure while the positive selection pressure was detected in fish C3 genes. Three periods of positive selection events of C3 genes were also detected. Two happened on the ancestral lineages to all vertebrates and mammals, respectively, one happened on early period of fish evolutionary history. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Three periods of positive selection events had happened on C3 genes during history and the fish and mammals C3 genes experience different evolutionary patterns for their distinct living environments
Cardiomyopathy and Response to Enzyme Replacement Therapy in a Male Mouse Model for Fabry Disease
Fabry disease is an X-linked disorder of glycosphingolipid metabolism that results in progressive accumulation of neutral glycosphingolipids, (predominately globotriaosylceramide; GL-3) in lysosomes, as well as other cellular compartments and the extracellular space. Our aim was to characterize the cardiac phenotype of male knock-out mice that are deficient in alpha-galactosidase A activity, as a model for Fabry disease and test the efficacy of Enzyme Replacement Therapy with agalsidase-beta. Male mice (3–4 months of age) were characterized with awake blood pressure and heart rate measurements, cardiac echocardiography and electrocardiography measurements under light anesthesia, histological studies and molecular studies with real-time polymerase chain reaction. The Fabry knock-out mouse has bradycardia and lower blood pressure than control wild type (CB7BL/6J) mice. In Fabry knock-out mice, the cardiomyopathy associated mild hypertrophy at echography with normal systolic LV function and mild diastolic dysfunction. Premature atrial contractions were more frequent in without conduction defect. Heart weight normalized to tibial length was increased in Fabry knock-out mice. Ascending aorta dilatation was observed. Molecular studies were consistent with early stages of cardiac remodeling. A single dose of agalsidase-beta (3 mg/kg) did not affect the LV hypertrophy, function or heart rate, but did improve the mRNA signals of early cardiac remodeling. In conclusion, the alpha-galactosidase A deficient mice at 3 to 4 months of age have cardiac and vascular alterations similar to that described in early clinical stage of Fabry disease in children and adolescents. Enzyme replacement therapy affects cardiac molecular remodeling after a single dose
Alpha helices are more robust to mutations than beta strands
The rapidly increasing amount of data on human genetic variation has resulted in a growing demand to identify pathogenic mutations computationally, as their experimental validation is currently beyond reach. Here we show that alpha helices and beta strands differ significantly in their ability to tolerate mutations: helices can accumulate more mutations than strands without change, due to the higher numbers of inter-residue contacts in helices. This results in two patterns: a) the same number of mutations causes less structural change in helices than in strands; b) helices diverge more rapidly in sequence than strands within the same domains. Additionally, both helices and strands are significantly more robust than coils. Based on this observation we show that human missense mutations that change secondary structure are more likely to be pathogenic than those that do not. Moreover, inclusion of predicted secondary structure changes shows significant utility for improving upon state-of-the-art pathogenicity predictions
Effects of Ploidy and Recombination on Evolution of Robustness in a Model of the Segment Polarity Network
Many genetic networks are astonishingly robust to quantitative variation,
allowing these networks to continue functioning in the face of mutation and
environmental perturbation. However, the evolution of such robustness remains
poorly understood for real genetic networks. Here we explore whether and how
ploidy and recombination affect the evolution of robustness in a detailed
computational model of the segment polarity network. We introduce a novel
computational method that predicts the quantitative values of biochemical
parameters from bit sequences representing genotype, allowing our model to
bridge genotype to phenotype. Using this, we simulate 2,000 generations of
evolution in a population of individuals under stabilizing and truncation
selection, selecting for individuals that could sharpen the initial pattern of
engrailed and wingless expression. Robustness was measured by simulating a
mutation in the network and measuring the effect on the engrailed and wingless
patterns; higher robustness corresponded to insensitivity of this pattern to
perturbation. We compared robustness in diploid and haploid populations, with
either asexual or sexual reproduction. In all cases, robustness increased, and
the greatest increase was in diploid sexual populations; diploidy and sex
synergized to evolve greater robustness than either acting alone. Diploidy
conferred increased robustness by allowing most deleterious mutations to be
rescued by a working allele. Sex (recombination) conferred a robustness
advantage through “survival of the compatible”: those
alleles that can work with a wide variety of genetically diverse partners
persist, and this selects for robust alleles
progressiveMauve: Multiple Genome Alignment with Gene Gain, Loss and Rearrangement
Multiple genome alignment remains a challenging problem. Effects of recombination including rearrangement, segmental duplication, gain, and loss can create a mosaic pattern of homology even among closely related organisms.We describe a new method to align two or more genomes that have undergone rearrangements due to recombination and substantial amounts of segmental gain and loss (flux). We demonstrate that the new method can accurately align regions conserved in some, but not all, of the genomes, an important case not handled by our previous work. The method uses a novel alignment objective score called a sum-of-pairs breakpoint score, which facilitates accurate detection of rearrangement breakpoints when genomes have unequal gene content. We also apply a probabilistic alignment filtering method to remove erroneous alignments of unrelated sequences, which are commonly observed in other genome alignment methods. We describe new metrics for quantifying genome alignment accuracy which measure the quality of rearrangement breakpoint predictions and indel predictions. The new genome alignment algorithm demonstrates high accuracy in situations where genomes have undergone biologically feasible amounts of genome rearrangement, segmental gain and loss. We apply the new algorithm to a set of 23 genomes from the genera Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella. Analysis of whole-genome multiple alignments allows us to extend the previously defined concepts of core- and pan-genomes to include not only annotated genes, but also non-coding regions with potential regulatory roles. The 23 enterobacteria have an estimated core-genome of 2.46Mbp conserved among all taxa and a pan-genome of 15.2Mbp. We document substantial population-level variability among these organisms driven by segmental gain and loss. Interestingly, much variability lies in intergenic regions, suggesting that the Enterobacteriacae may exhibit regulatory divergence.The multiple genome alignments generated by our software provide a platform for comparative genomic and population genomic studies. Free, open-source software implementing the described genome alignment approach is available from http://gel.ahabs.wisc.edu/mauve
Phylogeography of Ostreopsis along West Pacific Coast, with Special Reference to a Novel Clade from Japan
BACKGROUND: A dinoflagellate genus Ostreopsis is known as a potential producer of Palytoxin derivatives. Palytoxin is the most potent non-proteinaceous compound reported so far. There has been a growing number of reports on palytoxin-like poisonings in southern areas of Japan; however, the distribution of Ostreopsis has not been investigated so far. Morphological plasticity of Ostreopsis makes reliable microscopic identification difficult so the employment of molecular tools was desirable. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDING: In total 223 clones were examined from samples mainly collected from southern areas of Japan. The D8-D10 region of the nuclear large subunit rDNA (D8-D10) was selected as a genetic marker and phylogenetic analyses were conducted. Although most of the clones were unable to be identified, there potentially 8 putative species established during this study. Among them, Ostreopsis sp. 1-5 did not belong to any known clade, and each of them formed its own clade. The dominant species was Ostreopsis sp. 1, which accounted for more than half of the clones and which was highly toxic and only distributed along the Japanese coast. Comparisons between the D8-D10 and the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear rDNA, which has widely been used for phylogenetic/phylogeographic studies in Ostreopsis, revealed that the D8-D10 was less variable than the ITS, making consistent and reliable phylogenetic reconstruction possible. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study unveiled a surprisingly diverse and widespread distribution of Japanese Ostreopsis. Further study will be required to better understand the phylogeography of the genus. Our results posed the urgent need for the development of the early detection/warning systems for Ostreopsis, particularly for the widely distributed and strongly toxic Ostreopsis sp. 1. The D8-D10 marker will be suitable for these purposes
Management practices for control of ragwort species
The ragwort species common or tansy ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris, formerly Senecio jacobaea), marsh ragwort (S. aquaticus), Oxford ragwort (S. squalidus) and hoary ragwort (S. erucifolius) are native in Europe, but invaded North America, Australia and New Zealand as weeds. The abundance of ragwort species is increasing in west-and central Europe. Ragwort species contain different groups of secondary plant compounds defending them against generalist herbivores, contributing to their success as weeds. They are mainly known for containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are toxic to grazing cattle and other livestock causing considerable losses to agricultural revenue. Consequently, control of ragwort is obligatory by law in the UK, Ireland and Australia. Commonly used management practices to control ragwort include mechanical removal, grazing, pasture management, biological control and chemical control. In this review the biology of ragwort species is shortly described and the different management practices are discussed
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