El desarrollo económico en la Europa del Sur

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Comercio exterior y desarrollo económico: Reflexiones sobre el caso andaluz en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX

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Strong State and Weak Universities: the Long-Term Roots of the Spanish University System Problems

State intervention in the academic world has been excessive and inadequate in Spain. It has crowded out industry rather than promoted a fruitful relationship among “academia, government and industry” as the support for a long-term knowledge-based advanced society. Enrollment rates from 1857 to 2000, as well as research indicators support this hypothesis. This has resulted in a university and research system too closely linked to public demands rather than to social and economic needs. Spain’s ability to produce and apply new knowledge has thus been hampered, in spite of significant public investments in higher education and science.Keywords: Spain, University, Research, Higher education, Long-term trends, Human capital. Resumen: Intervención del Estado en el mundo académico ha sido excesiva e inadecuada, y ha desplazado a la industria en lugar de promover una relación fructífera entre “academia, gobierno e industria”, como base de una sociedad avanzada sustentada en el conocimiento a largo plazo. Las tasas de matrícula 1857-2000, así como los indicadores de investigación apoyan esta hipótesis. Esto ha dado lugar a un sistema universitario y de investigación en exceso vinculado a las demandas públicas en lugar de a las necesidades sociales y económicas. La capacidad de España para producir y aplicar nuevos conocimientos se ha visto así obstaculizada, a pesar de las inversiones públicas importantes en la educación superior y la ciencia. Palabras clave: España, Universidad, Investigación, Educación superior, tendencias a largo plazo, capital humano.

Recensiones [Revista de Historia Económica Año VII Otoño 1989 n. 3 pp. 727-757]

Antoni Segura i Mas (coord.). El Catastro en España, vol. I (1714-1906) (Por Francisco Comín).-- Antonia Heredia Herrera. Sevilla y los hombres del Comercio (1700-1800) (Por Andrés J. Moreno Mengíbar).-- Pedro Tedde de Lorca. El Banco de San Carlos (1782-1829 (Por Javier Cuenca Esteban).-- José Ramón García López. El Banco de Oviedo, 1864-1874 (Por José Luis García Ruiz).-- Enrique Prieto. Agricultura y atraso en la España contemporánea. Estudio sobre el desarrollo del Capitalismo (Por Carlos Barciela López).-- Mª Asunción Sivera Tejerina. Los cambios técnicos de la agricultura en el término rural de Málaga: siglos XVIII-XX (Por Juan Francisco Zambrana Pineda).-- Pablo Martín Aceña. La política monetaria en España, 1919-1935 (Por M. Cruz Manzano Frias).-- Carles Sudria i Triay. Una societat plenament industrial, vol. 4 de Historia Económica de la Catalunya Contemporánia (Por Gabriel Tortella).-- CH. S. Maier. La refundación de la Europa burguesa. Estabilización en Francia, Alemania e Italia en la década posterior a la Primera Guerra Mundial y In Search of Stability Explorations in Historical Political Economy (Por Mercedes Cabrera).-- Michael Sandersona. Eductttional Opportunity and Social Change in England (Por Clara Eugenia Núñez)Publicad

Recensiones [Revista de Historia Económica Año III Primavera-Verano 1985 n. 2 pp. 349-381]

José F. de la Peña. Oligarquía y propiedad en Nueva España, 1550-1624 (Por Carlos D. Malamud).-- Aldo de Maddalena. (Por Antonio Miguel Bernal).-- Esteban Rodríguez Ocaña. El cólera de 1834 en Granada. Enfermedad catastrófica y crisis social (Por Octavio Ruiz Manjón-Cabeza).-- Arno J. Mayer. La persistencia del Antiguo Régimen. Europa hasta la Gran Guerra (Por Guillermo Gortázar).-- Isabel Sánchez Casado. La Estadística del Estado en los periodos constitucionales (Por Joaquín del Moral Ruiz).-- José A. Ayala ; Mª del Carmen Bel Adell ; et al. Estudios sobre Historia Económica Contemporánea en la región de Murcia (Por Clara Eugenia Núñez).-- Carmen Martín Gaite. El conde de Guadalhorce. Su época y su labor (Por Juan Velarde Fuertes).-- José Morilla Critz. La crisis económica de 1929 (Por Jordi Palafox).-- Luis Germán Zubero. Aragón en la II República. Estructura económica y comportamiento político (Por Mercedes Cabrera).-- Ricardo Robledo Hernández. La renta de la tierra en Castilla la Vieja y León (1836-1913) (Por Carlos Bárdela)Publicad

Comparison of Extracellular Vesicle Isolation Methods for miRNA Sequencing

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) are potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. However, discrepancies in miRNA patterns and their validation are still frequent due to differences in sample origin, EV isolation, and miRNA sequencing methods. The aim of the present study is to find a reliable EV isolation method for miRNA sequencing, adequate for clinical application. To this aim, two comparative studies were performed in parallel with the same human plasma sample: (i) isolation and characterization of EVs obtained using three procedures: size exclusion chromatography (SEC), iodixanol gradient (GRAD), and its combination (SEC+GRAD) and (ii) evaluation of the yield of miRNA sequences obtained using NextSeq 500 (Illumina) and three miRNA library preparation protocols: NEBNext, NEXTFlex, and SMARTer smRNA-seq. The conclusion of comparison (i) is that recovery of the largest amount of EVs and reproducibility were attained with SEC, but GRAD and SEC+GRAD yielded purer EV preparations. The conclusion of (ii) is that the NEBNext library showed the highest reproducibility in the number of miRNAs recovered and the highest diversity of miRNAs. These results render the combination of GRAD EV isolation and NEBNext library preparation for miRNA retrieval as adequate for clinical applications using plasma samples

Vigilancia en red de los serotipos y la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. Y Vibrio cholerae O1, 1997 - 1999

In 1997, a surveillance program to assess the main bacterial pathogens associated with acute diarrheal disease was initiated by the Microbiology Group of the lnstituto Nacional de Salud in collaboration with the Public Health Laboratories (PHL) of the country and PAHO. The program objective was to identify the serotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp, and Vibrio cholerae 01 isolates. Twenty two PHL participated with a total of 976 isolates from 1997 to 1999; 96% were clinical isolates and 4% were food isolates. 34% were Salmonella spp., 23% Shigella spp., and 42% V. cholerae 01. From Salmonella isolates, 39% were serotype Enteritidis, 27% Typhimurium, 9% group El, 5% Typhi, and 20% other serotypes. Among Shigella isolates, 67% were S. flexneriZa, 30% S. sonnei, 2% S. dysenteriae and 1 % S. boydiiand 99% of the V. cholerae01 isolates were serotype 0gawa.The study on the antimicrobial resistance determined that 56% of the Salmonella isolates were resistant and 22% of them were multiresistant, with the pattern ampicillin, tetracycline and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (SXT). 97% of Shigella isolates were resistant and 57% of them were multiresistant, with the pattern to tetracycline, ampicillin, SXT and chloramphenicol. The susceptibility of V. cholerae O1 isolates had not changed during the study period.This study ratifies the importance of surveillance on the epidemiology of these enteropathogens in Colombia. Based on this information it may be possible to treat these diseases and control the spread of antimicrobial bacterial resistance.En 1997, el Grupo de Microbiología del INS estableció un programa en red con los Laboratorios de Salud Pública (LSP) del país y el apoyo de la OPS, para la vigilancia de los principales patógenos causantes de enfermedad diarreica aguda. El objetivo fue conocer los serotipos y los patrones de resistencia antimicrobiana de Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. y Vibrio cholerae O1. Los aislamientos fueron confirmados de acuerdo con los esquemas de identificación bioquímica y serológica estandarizados y la determinación de la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana se realizó por la técnica de difusión de disco (Kirby-Bauer). De 1997 a 1999, participaron 22 LSP con el envio de 976 aislamientos, 96% de origen clínico y 4% de alimentos; 34% Salmonella spp., 23% Shigella spp. y 42% V. cholerae 01. La distribución por serotipo de Salmonella fue 39% S. Enteritidis, 27% S. Typhimurium, 9% grupo El, 5% S. Typhi y 20% otros serotipos; de los aislamientos de Shigella, 67% fueron S. grupo flexneriza, 30% S sonnei, 2% S. dysenteriae y 1% S. boydii. Para V. cholerae 01, 99% fue serotipo Ogawa. La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana determinó que 56% de los aislamientos de Salmonella eran resistentes y 22% multirresistentes, con un patrón predominante de ampicilina, tetraciclina y trimetoprim-sulfa (SXT). De los aislamientos de Shigella, 97% fueron resistentes y 57% multirresistentes, con un patrón de ampicilina, tetraciclina, cloranfenicol y SXT. No se observaron cambios en la susceptibilidad de V. cholerae O1. Este estudio enfatiza la importancia de continuar con el programa de vigilancia, para conocer la epidemiologia de la EDA en Colombia, darle un tratamiento óptimo a estas infecciones y poder diseñar programas para disminuir la diseminación de bacterias resistentes

Effectiveness of an intervention for improving drug prescription in primary care patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy:Study protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial (Multi-PAP project)

This study was funded by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias ISCIII (Grant Numbers PI15/00276, PI15/00572, PI15/00996), REDISSEC (Project Numbers RD12/0001/0012, RD16/0001/0005), and the European Regional Development Fund ("A way to build Europe").Background: Multimorbidity is associated with negative effects both on people's health and on healthcare systems. A key problem linked to multimorbidity is polypharmacy, which in turn is associated with increased risk of partly preventable adverse effects, including mortality. The Ariadne principles describe a model of care based on a thorough assessment of diseases, treatments (and potential interactions), clinical status, context and preferences of patients with multimorbidity, with the aim of prioritizing and sharing realistic treatment goals that guide an individualized management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that implements the Ariadne principles in a population of young-old patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The intervention seeks to improve the appropriateness of prescribing in primary care (PC), as measured by the medication appropriateness index (MAI) score at 6 and 12months, as compared with usual care. Methods/Design: Design:pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Unit of randomization: family physician (FP). Unit of analysis: patient. Scope: PC health centres in three autonomous communities: Aragon, Madrid, and Andalusia (Spain). Population: patients aged 65-74years with multimorbidity (≥3 chronic diseases) and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs prescribed in ≥3months). Sample size: n=400 (200 per study arm). Intervention: complex intervention based on the implementation of the Ariadne principles with two components: (1) FP training and (2) FP-patient interview. Outcomes: MAI score, health services use, quality of life (Euroqol 5D-5L), pharmacotherapy and adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green, Haynes-Sackett), and clinical and socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis: primary outcome is the difference in MAI score between T0 and T1 and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for confounding factors will be performed by multilevel analysis. All analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: It is essential to provide evidence concerning interventions on PC patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity, conducted in the context of routine clinical practice, and involving young-old patients with significant potential for preventing negative health outcomes. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02866799Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality