Neural plasticity in motor control centres : Analysis of the endocannabinoid system in the cerebellum of the PCD mouse

[ES]El sistema endocannabinoide se ha relacionado en las últimas décadas con procesos de muerte celular e inflamatorios. Asimismo, en el sistema nervioso central se sabe que los receptores endocannabinoides clásicos -CB1 y CB2- tienen efectos neuroprotectores. Recientemente se ha visto que los receptores PPAR¿ y su agonista endógeno la oleiletanolamida (OEA) tienen también efectos neuroprotectores. Sin embargo, a día de hoy se desconoce la expresión de los receptores CB2 y PPAR¿ en el cerebelo, tanto a lo largo del desarrollo postnatal normal como en procesos patológicos. Precisamente, desde hace décadas el cerebelo viene relacionándose no sólo con el comportamiento motor sino también con procesos cognitivos y afectivos. Sin embargo, a día de hoy esta relación no está totalmente aceptada. Con el objetivo de poder estudiar la relación del sistema endocannabinoide con un proceso de desestructuración cerebelosa, así como su efecto en el comportamiento cognitivo y afectivo, se ha empleado como modelo el ratón mutante PCD. Éste tiene una mutación en el gen Nna1/Ccp1, que sintetiza una enzima encargada de la despoliglutamilación de los microtúbulos. Esto nos permite estudiar cómo las alteraciones de los microtúbulos en los animales PCD afecta a la expresión del sistema endocannabinoide y la estructura del cerebelo, así como el impacto de dichas alteraciones en el comportamiento del ratón PCD durante el progreso de la desestructuración cerebelosa. Finalmente, el análisis del sistema endocannabinoide durante el desarrollo post-natal nos permitirá estudiar el efecto de la OEA en los mismos parámetros antes mencionados para el desarrollo del ratón PCD. Los resultados demuestran que la mutación pcd afecta tanto a la dinámica como a la estructura de los microtúbulos, haciendo que estos sean más inestables y parecidos a microtúbulos de neuronas en desarrollo. Estas alteraciones de los microtúbulos van a afectar de manera paulatina tanto a la expresión del sistema endocannabinoide, así como a la estructura cerebelosa a partir de los 15 días de desarrollo post-natal (P15). Así, las alteraciones en la expresión del sistema endocannabinoide comienzan con un aumento en la expresión de los receptores PPAR¿ y posteriormente, a partir de P22, se observa un aumento en la expresión de receptores CB2. Del mismo modo, la morfología de las células de Purkinje comienza a verse alterada a la misma edad (P15), agravándose a medida que avanza la edad de los animales. Todas estas alteraciones cerebelosas van a verse reflejadas en el comportamiento de los animales PCD. Inicialmente (P15) las alteraciones cerebelosas del ratón PCD van a afectar a su comportamiento social y exploratorio. Posteriormente estas alteraciones van a ir agravándose, observándose defectos tanto en el comportamiento de limpiezas como en la memoria de reconocimiento. En relación al efecto de la administración de OEA, se observó que aunque esta afecta a de la misma manera a microtúbulos de animales silvestres como PCD, estos últimos requieren de dosis más altas. Además, la OEA restableció la curvatura de los microtúbulos de animales mutantes. Finalmente, la OEA previno las alteraciones morfológicas y el proceso neurodegenerativo de las células de Purkinje de manera dosis dependiente, confirmándose así las propiedades preventivas de la OEA en procesos neurodegenerativos cerebelosos

Dietary Mg Supplementation Decreases Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Vascular Dysfunction in an Experimental Model of Metabolic Syndrome with Renal Failure

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are commonly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and in these patients Mg concentration is usually decreased. This study evaluated whether a dietary Mg supplementation might attenuate vascular dysfunction through the modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation in concurrent MetS and CKD. Methods: A rat model of MetS (Zucker strain) with CKD (5/6 nephrectomy, Nx) was used. Nephrectomized animals were fed a normal 0.1%Mg (MetS+Nx+Mg 0.1%) or a supplemented 0.6%Mg (MetS+Nx+Mg0.6%) diet; Sham-operated rats with MetS receiving 0.1%Mg were used as controls. Results: As compared to controls, the MetS+Nx-Mg0.1% group showed a significant increase in oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers (lipid peroxidation and aortic interleukin-1b and -6 expression) and Endothelin-1 levels, a decrease in nitric oxide and a worsening in uremia and MetS associated pathology as hypertension, and abnormal glucose and lipid profile. Moreover, proteomic evaluation revealed changes mainly related to lipid metabolism and CVD markers. By contrast, in the MetS+Nx+Mg0.6% group, these parameters remained largely similar to controls. Conclusion: In concurrent MetS and CKD, dietary Mg supplementation reduced inflammation and oxidative stress and improved vascular function.This research was funded by a Spanish government grant from the Programa Nacional I+D+I 2008–2011 from the MINECO-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI20/0660 and PI21/00654) with co-financing from European Funds (FEDER) and EUTOX and REDinREN from the ISCIII, Consejería de Salud (grants PI-0071-2021) from the Junta de Andalucía and Grant PY20_00773 from Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo from the Junta de Andalucía. J.M.D.-T. hold a Sara Borrell contract by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), co-funded by European Social Fund (European Social Fund-Investment in your future). Y.A. and J.R.M.-C. are senior researchers supported by the Nicolás Monardes Programme, Consejería de Salud-SAS (Junta de Andalucía)

Eigen-concepts in the multiplicative linear algebra context

The concept of eigenvalues is associated with the linearity one, through the structure of vectorial space. The multiplicative linear algebra is a structure in which an expression such as x^3y^2 can be considered a linear combination of variables x and y. This article is reserved to show the corresponding analogues for an Eigenvalue Theory. We exemplify its applications by introducing a connection with the analysis of a nonlinear dynamical system in the standard sense, although a linear recurrence in the multiplicative one.El concepto de valores propios está asociado al de linealidad, a través de la estructura del espacio vectorial. El álgebra lineal multiplicativa es una estructura en la que una expresión como x^3y^2 puede ser considerada una combinación lineal de las variables x y y. Este artículo está destinado a mostrar los análogos correspondientes para una teoría de valores propios en este contexto. Se ejemplifican sus aplicaciones mediante la introducción de una conexión con el análisis de un sistema dinámico no lineal en el sentido estándar, aunque con una recurrencia lineal en el marco multiplicativo.The concept of eigenvalues is associated with the linearity one, through the structure of vectorial space. The multiplicative linear algebra is a structure in which an expression such as x^3y^2 can be considered a linear combination of variables x and y. This article is reserved to show the corresponding analogues for an Eigenvalue Theory. We exemplify its applications by introducing a connection with the analysis of a nonlinear dynamical system in the standard sense, although a linear recurrence in the multiplicative one

Assessing the viability of electro-absorption and photoelectro-absorption for the treatment of gaseous perchloroethylene

This work focuses on the development of electro-absorption and photoelectro-absorption technologies to treat gases produced by a synthetic waste containing the highly volatile perchloroethylene (PCE). To do this, a packed absorption column coupled with a UV lamp and an undivided electrooxidation cell was used. Firstly, it was confirmed that the absorption in a packed column is a viable method to achieve retention of PCE into an absorbent-electrolyte liquid. It was observed that PCE does not only absorb but it was also transformed into phosgene and other by-products. Later, it was confirmed that the electro-absorption process influenced the PCE degradation, favoring the transformation of phosgene into final products. Opposite to what is expected, carbon dioxide is not the main product obtained, but carbon tetrachloride and trichloroacetic acid. Both species are also hazardous but their higher solubility in water opens possibilities for a successful and more environmental-friendly removal. The coupling with UV-irradiation has a negative impact on the degradation of phosgene. Finally, a reaction mechanism was proposed for the degradation of PCE based on the experimental observations. Results were not as expected during the planning of the experimental work but it is important to take in mind that PCE decomposition occurs in wet conditions, regardless of the applied technology, and this work is a first approach to try to solve the treatment problems associated to PCE gaseous waste flows in a realistic way

Electro-Absorbers: A Comparison on Their Performance with Jet-Absorbers and Absorption Columns

This work focuses on the removal of perchloroethylene (PCE) from gaseous streams using absorbers connected with electrolyzers. Two types of absorption devices (jet absorber and absorption column) were compared. In addition, it has been evaluated the different by-products generated when a simultaneous electrolysis with diamond anodes is carried out. PCE was not mineralized, but it was transformed into phosgene that mainly derivates into carbon tetrachloride. Trichloroacetic acid was also formed, but in much lower amounts. Results showed a more efficient absorption of PCE in the packed column, which it is associated to the higher gas–liquid contact surface. Jet absorber seems to favor the production of carbon tetrachloride in gaseous phase, whereas the packed column promotes a higher concentration of trichloroacetic acid in liquid. It was also evaluated the scale up of the electrolytic stage of these electro-absorption devices by using a stack with five perforated electrode packages instead of a single cell. Clarification of the effect of the applied current density on the speciation attained after the electrolysis of the absorbent has been attempted. Experiments reveal similar results in terms of PCE removal and a reduced generation of gaseous intermediates at lower current densities

Dietary Mg Supplementation Decreases Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Vascular Dysfunction in an Experimental Model of Metabolic Syndrome with Renal Failure

whether a dietary Mg supplementation might attenuate vascular dysfunction through the modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation in concurrent MetS and CKD. Methods: A rat model of MetS (Zucker strain) with CKD (5/6 nephrectomy, Nx) was used. Nephrectomized animals were fed a normal 0.1%Mg (MetS+Nx+Mg0.1%) or a supplemented 0.6%Mg (MetS+Nx+Mg0.6%) diet; Sham-operated rats with MetS receiving 0.1%Mg were used as controls. Results: As compared to controls, the MetS+Nx-Mg0.1% group showed a significant increase in oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers (lipid peroxidation and aortic interleukin-1b and -6 expression) and Endothelin-1 levels, a decrease in nitric oxide and a worsening in uremia and MetS associated pathology as hypertension, and abnormal glucose and lipid profile. Moreover, proteomic evaluation revealed changes mainly related to lipid metabolism and CVD markers. By contrast, in the MetS+Nx+Mg0.6% group, these parameters remained largely similar to controls. Conclusion: In concurrent MetS and CKD, dietary Mg supplementation reduced inflammation and oxidative stress and improved vascular function

Inflammation both increases and causes resistance to FGF23 in normal and uremic rats

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) increases phosphorus excretion and decreases calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D) levels. FGF23 increases from early stages of renal failure. We evaluated whether strict control of phosphorus intake in renal failure prevents the increase in FGF23 and to what extent inflammation impairs regulation of FGF23. The study was performed in 5/6 nephrectomized (Nx) Wistar rats fed diets containing 0.2-1.2% phosphorus for 3 or 15 days. FGF23 levels significantly increased in all Nx groups in the short-term (3-day) experiment. However, at 15 days, FGF23 increased in all Nx rats except in those fed 0.2% phosphorus. In a second experiment, Nx rats fed low phosphorus diets (0.2 and 0.4%) for 15 days received daily intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections to induce inflammation. In these rats, FGF23 increased despite the low phosphorus diets. Thus, higher FGF23 levels were needed to maintain phosphaturia and normal serum phosphorus values. Renal Klotho expression was preserved in Nx rats on a 0.2% phosphorus diet, reduced on a 0.4% phosphorus diet, and markedly reduced in Nx rats receiving LPS. In ex vivo experiments, high phosphorus and LPS increased nuclear β-catenin and p65-NFκB and decreased Klotho. Inhibition of inflammation and Wnt signaling activation resulted in decreased FGF23 levels and increased renal Klotho. In conclusion, strict control of phosphorus intake prevented the increase in FGF23 in renal failure, whereas inflammation independently increased FGF23 values. Decreased Klotho may explain the renal resistance to FGF23 in inflammation. These effects are likely mediated by the activation of NFkB and Wnt/β-catenin signaling

Cuerpo extraño inusual en recto como causa de obstrucción intestinal, Reporte de un caso.

The rectum, the penultimate portion of the large intestine, tends to be of special interest due to so-called anorectal emergencies, which are defined as “a wide variety of conditions that share common symptoms, such as anorectal pain or bleeding, which may require immediate management." These emergencies are considered a public health problem that result in a large economic expense, time, medications, days of working life and culmination of quality of life. The presence of a foreign body in the rectum constitutes a challenge for the surgeon. This pathology shows a wide predisposition for the male gender with a peak in its presentation between 20 and 40 years, being the main etiology of a sexual nature, which is why patients often tend to avoid seeking help for fear of being judged. We present the case of a 33-year-old man, with a history of chronic alcoholism, in the process of rehabilitation admitted to a clinic, where he was referred for presenting abdominal pain, vomiting on numerous occasions, and inability to evacuate for 3 days. , in addition to transanal bleeding in a mild to moderate amount, fetid, dark liquid, a simple and contrast-enhanced tomography is performed, showing the presence of impaction at the level of the rectal ampulla of apparent "bird bones", which is corroborated after directed questioning and rectal exploration with extraction of some pieces. He is admitted to the operating room where the foreign body is extracted under regional anesthesia and instrumentation, he is hospitalized and managed with laxatives, he is discharged after 4 days due to improvement.El recto, la penúltima porción del intestino grueso, tiende a ser de especial interés debido a las denominadas urgencias anorrectales, las cuales se definen como “una amplia variedad de enfermedades que comparten síntomas en común, como son dolor anorrectal o sangrado, las cuales pueden requerir de manejo inmediato”. Estas urgencias, son consideradas un problema de salud pública que derivan en un gran gasto económico, tiempo, medicamentos, días de vida laboral y afectan la calidad de vida. La presencia de un cuerpo extraño en el recto constituye un reto para el cirujano. Esta patología muestra una amplia predisposición por el género masculino con un pico en su presentación entre los 20 y 40 años, siendo la principal etiología de índole sexual por lo que muchas veces los pacientes tienden a evitar el buscar ayuda por miedo a ser juzgados. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 33 años de edad, con antecedente de alcoholismo crónico, en proceso de rehabilitación internado en una clínica, de donde es referido por presentar dolor abdminal, vòmito en numerosas ocasiones e incapacidad para evacuar de 3 días de evolución, además de sangrado transanal en cantidad leve a moderada, fétida, líquida oscura, se realiza tomografía simple y contrastada que muestra la presencia de impactación a nivel de ámpula rectal de aparentes ”huesos de pollo”, el cual se corrobora tras el interrogatorio dirigido y la exploración rectal con extracción de algunas piezas. Es ingresado a sala de quirófano donde se extrae bajo bloqueo regional y con instrumentación el cuerpo extraño, es hospitalizado y manejado con laxantes, se egresa a los 4 días por mejoría

Talleres de olfacción y gusto: prácticas académicas y divulgativas de sistemas sensoriales químicos

Memoria ID-185. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2013-2014

Supplemental Material The direct effect of fibroblast growth factor 23 on vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype and function

3 pages. -- Figure S1. Supplemental Material. Effects of anti-miR-221 and miR-222. -- Figure S1. Supplemental Material: A) Anti-miR-221 and B) anti-miR-222 transfection for 48 h decreased not significantly the expression of miR-221 and miR-222 in VSMC. -- Figure S2. Supplemental Material. Recombinant Klotho administration did not modify the expression of contractile markers of VSMC. -- Figure S3. Histological quantifications in thoracic aortas of rats of synthetic markers of VSMC.Peer reviewe