The contribution of isocrates to western educational thought.

The main theme of the thesis is that Isocrates, although somewhat neglected, is one of the most important figures in the early history of Western Education, He is, in particular, largely responsible for the fact that it has been predominately literary, His role in the conversion of rhetoric from an oral to a written art is discussed, as is his place in the new rhetorical and philosophical culture and his role in the transmission of that culture to subsequent generations. The influence on Isocrates of such exponents of the new culture as Euripides, Socrates and Gorgias is stressed. An analysis is made of sophistry and philosophy in Fourth Century Athens and attempt is made to Place Isocrates wihin this intellectual milieu. His own philosophy is discussed, especially the ideas expressed by the words logos and doxa. The relationship between them is described and is shown to be relevant to Isocrates' concept of practical education. The place of logos at the centre of his curriculum is emphasised together with the introduction of History as a specific subject. His teaching methods are analysed and special attention is paid to the three stages of instruction, the small size of his classes and the subsequent interaction "between his pupils and himself. An attempt is made to estimate the success of his school and his ideas by a survey of his known pupils. Timotheus and Lyourgus, two of his pupils, are suggested as a model for the Renaissance Man. Finally an examination is made of the manner in which Isocrates' ideas were accepted and absorbed into Western Educational Thought by way of Cicero, Quintilian and such later figures as Erasmus and Sir Thomas Elyot

Non-targeted LC-MS/MS assay for screening over 100 lipid mediators from ARA, EPA, and DHA in biological samples based on mass spectral fragmentations

A non-targeted strategy to simultaneously screen for over 100 lipid mediators from ω-6 ARA and ω-3 EPA and DHA fatty acids is presented. The method based on an extensive study of fragmentation patterns obtained by SPE-LC-MS/MS analysis-provided fingerprints to comprehensively elucidate and identify lipid mediators in biological samples. Many of these metabolites are associated to metabolic disorders, inflammatory, immune and oxidative stress. The methodology consisted of a three-step procedure. (1) SPE extraction of compounds from plasma and adipose tissue was followed by LC-MS/MS analysis operating in full scan mode. The methodology was validated for a group of 65 metabolites using standards. SPE recoveries ranged from 29–134% and matrix effect from 10–580%. LOD and LOQ ranged from 0.01 to 1765 ng/mL and 0.03 to 5884 ng/mL respectively, similarly than current analytical strategies based on MRM mode. (2) An extensive study of the mass spectra of a wide range of compounds was done to stablish a specific fragmentation pattern. Interestingly, illustrative fragmentations and new specific transitions to identify EPA and DHA lipid mediators have been innovatively established. (3) After analysis, 30 lipid mediators were tentatively identified in plasma and 35 in adipose tissue of rats according to the pre stablished fragmentation patterns. The hypothetical identification of compounds was validated by using reference standards. Around 85–90% of proposed identifications were correctly assigned and only 4 and 3 identifications failed in adipose tissue and plasma, respectively. The method allowed the identification of these metabolites without losing information by the use of predefined ions list. Therefore, the use of full scan mode together with the study of fragmentation patterns provided a novel and stronger analytical tool to study the complete profile of lipid mediators in biological samples than the analysis through MRM based methods. Importantly, no analytical standards were required at this qualitative screening stage and the performance and sensitivity of the assay were very similar to that of a MRM method.This research was funded by the Spanich Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), grant number: AGL2013-49079-C2-1.2-RS

Obtenção de ameixas de baixa caloria com desidratação osmótica por meio de um processo duplo de substituição de açúcares

This research project developed dehydrated D’Agen plums, a low-calorie health food with differential quality, through a dual osmotic process (D3S) replacing the natural sugars from the fruit with the Stevia non-caloric sweetener supplemented by drying. For these purposes, a factorial experimental design based on pretreatment time in Stage i (10, 20, and 30 min), ultrasound frequency in Stages i and ii (0.40 kHz), treatment time in Stage ii (10, 20, and 30 min), and concentration of Stevia sweetener solution (20 and 25% w/w) was used. The entire process was monitored by assessing the progress of soluble solids content (SS), moisture (M), and sample weight (W), as well as the soluble solids loss (SG), water loss (WL), and weight reduction (WR) variable, at each stage. Then, the results were analyzed through an Analysis of Variance and Response Surface Methodology. The optimum dual process, which removed the largest amount of caloric sugars and incorporated the most Stevia, a natural zero calorie sweetener, (10.67%) into plums consisted of a 22.8-min ultrasound-assisted pretreatment, followed by immersion in 20% w/w Stevia solution for 22 min with ultrasound application. However, for multiple SG and WL optimization, the operating conditions were a 23% w/w osmotic solution for 24.6 min.Se llevó a cabo el desarrollo de un alimento saludable reducido en calorías y de calidad diferencial: ciruelas D’Agen deshidratadas. Esto mediante un proceso osmótico dual (D3S) de sustitución de los azúcares naturales de la fruta por edulcorante no calórico Stevia complementado por secado. Se utilizó un diseño experimental factorial bajo la consideración del tiempo de pretratamiento en Etapa i (10, 20, 30 minutos), frecuencia de ultrasonido en Etapas i y ii (0,40 kHz), tiempo de tratamiento en Etapa ii (10, 20, 30 minutos), y concentración de solución de edulcorante Stevia (20, 25% p/p). El monitoreo del proceso se realizó al evaluar la evolución del contenido de sólidos solubles (SS), humedad (M) y peso de las muestras (W), así como las variables pérdida de sólidos solubles (SG), pérdida de agua (WL), y reducción de peso (WR), en cada etapa. Los resultados se analizaron mediante Anova (análisis de la varianza) y RSM (metodología de superficie de respuesta). El proceso dual óptimo que removió la mayor cantidad de azúcares calóricos e incorporó más edulcorante natural Stevia cero calorías (10,67%) a las ciruelas consistió en un pretratamiento de 22,8 minutos asistido por ultrasonido, seguido de inmersión en solución de Stevia del 20% p/p durante 22 minutos con aplicación de ultrasonido, mientras que para la optimización múltiple de SG y WL las condiciones operativas fueron solución al osmótica 23% p/p durante 24,6 minutos.Este projeto de pesquisa desenvolveu ameixas D'Agen desidratadas, um alimento saudável com baixo teor calórico e qualidade diferenciada, por meio de um processo osmótico duplo (D3S) de substituição dos açúcares naturais da fruta pelo adoçante não calórico Stevia, suplementado por secagem. Para isso, utilizou-se um projeto experimental fatorial baseado no tempo de pré-trata- mento na Etapa i (10, 20, e 30 minutos), frequência de ultrassom nas Etapas i e ii (0,40 kHz), tempo de tratamento na Etapa ii (10, 20, e 30 minutos) e concentração da solução adoçante de Stevia (20 e 25% p/p). O processo foi monitorado pela avaliação do teor de sólidos solúveis (ss), da umidade (u) e do peso da amostra (p), além da perda de sólidos solúveis (sg), da perda de água (wl) e da redu- ção do peso (wr), em todas as etapas. Os resultados foram analisados por meio de uma análise de variância e da metodologia de superfície de resposta. O processo duplo ideal, que retirou a maior quantidade de açúcares calóricos e incorporou a maior quantidade do adoçante natural Stevia com zero calorias (10,67%) nas ameixas, foi composto por um pretratamento de 22,8 minutos auxiliado por ultrassom, seguido de imersão em solução de Stevia 20% p/p durante 22 minutos com aplicação de ultrassom. Entretanto, para a otimização múltipla de sg e wl, as condições de operação ideais foram com uma solução na concentração de 23% p/p por 24,6 minutos

NFT y arte digital: nuevas posibilidades para el consumo, la difusión y preservación de obras de arte contemporáneo

[EN] Digital technology, which appeared in the `80s and consolidated itself in the following decade with what was called the ¿third industrial revolution¿, has transformed not only our daily environment, but also the way in which we produce and experience the artistic work. Digital art, a subcategory of the so-named art of the new media, presents multiple forms and is in continual evolution, parallel to the devices which make it possible; but its commercialisation in the contemporary art market becomes complex, so digital works present a series of characteristics such as the paperless ofice, obsolescence and reproducibility which may be considered to be not particularly profitable by collectors. Despite this, in recent months the sale of some digital artworks, to which numerous texts are referred to under the name of cryptoart, have increased notably, reaching figures in the millions for the first time in auction houses. The commercial success of these pieces is due to the fact that, together with the work¿s archive, they include a type of cryptographic certificate, the non- fungible-tokens or NFTs, which collect the the work¿s data and inscribe them in a blockchain; transforming a multiple and disseminated work into a digital item that is unique and traceable, whose property can be transmitted as one would do with any other object in the offline world. Although they favour in principle the creation and sale of digital art, NFTs present their own problems, especially related to their access, use and sustainability; are NFTs a permanent tool or only a method of fleeting speculation? How does this certification affect property and the author¿s rights? Is it possible and will it be sustainable to employ them as a strategy for the preservation of digital works? This article carries out an analysis of the principal characteristics and problems of digital art in a general sense, as well as the solutions and preoccupations which the cryptographic certificates offer in all aspects in the life of a work of art: production, dissemination and preservation.[ES] La tecnología digital, que aparece en los años 80 y se consolida en la década siguiente con la llamada «tercera revolución industrial», ha transformado no solo nuestro entorno cotidiano, sino también la forma en la que producimos y experimentamos la obra artística. El arte digital, una subcategoría del llamado «arte de los nuevos medios», presenta múltiples formas y está en continua evolución, paralela a los dispositivos que la posibilitan; pero su comercialización en el mercado del arte contemporáneo resulta compleja, pues las obras digitales presentan una serie de características como la desmaterialización, la obsolescencia y la reproducibilidad que pueden ser consideradas poco rentables por los coleccionistas. Pese a esto, en los últimos meses la venta de algunas obras de arte digital, a las que numerosos textos se refieren bajo el nombre de «criptoarte», han aumentado notablemente, alcanzando las primeras cifras millonarias en las casas de subastas. El éxito comercial de estas piezas se debe a que, junto con el archivo de la obra, incluyen un tipo de certificado criptográfico, los non- fungible-tokens o NFT, que recogen los datos de la obra y los inscriben en una cadena de bloques o blockchain; transformando una obra múltiple y difusa en un ítem digital único y rastreable, cuya propiedad puede transmitirse como se haría con cualquier otro objeto del mundo offline. Aunque favorecen en principio la creación y venta del arte digital, los NFT presentan sus propias problemáticas, relacionadas sobre todo con su acceso, uso y sostenibilidad: ¿son los NFT una herramienta permanente o solo un método de especulación pasajero? ¿cómo afecta esta certificación a la propiedad y los derechos de autor? ¿es posible y resultará sostenible emplearlos como estrategia para la preservación de obras digitales? En el presente artículo se lleva a cabo un análisis de las principales características y problemas del arte digital en sentido general, así como de las soluciones y preocupaciones que ofrecen los certificados criptográficos en todos los aspectos de la vida de la obra de arte: producción, difusión y preservación.Fernández-Valdés, P.; Cuesta, S.; Muñoz Viñas, S. (2021). NFT y arte digital: nuevas posibilidades para el consumo, la difusión y preservación de obras de arte contemporáneo. Artnodes. (28):1-10. https://doi.org/10.7238/a.v0i28.3863171102

How to Save Endangered Magnolias? From Population Biology to Conservation Action: The Case of Allopatric Radiation in Western Mexico

Numerous Neotropical Magnolia species are endangered and red-listed by the IUCN. Here we highlight major results from over a decade of research on endangered magnolias in western Mexico. Particularly, we compare three species of Magnolia (M. pugana, M. pacifica and M. vallartensis) along a large-scale continentality and moisture gradients, in terms of a) their morphological adaptations, b) genetic structure, diversity, and differentiation, c) reproductive phenology, and d) floral scents and their floral visitors. Fieldwork along this gradient unveiled two new species of Magnolia sect. Magnolia; M. granbarrancae and M. talpana. We found that most continental populations have a higher extinction risk than those with greater maritime influence, due to their lower genetic diversity, and greater fragmentation, isolation, and water stress. Also, these populations are more vulnerable to the environmental conditions predicted with the global warming climate scenarios. We share fieldwork experience and advise on pre-germination treatments and seed dormancy. We propose an ex-situ and in-situ conservation strategy, identify new challenges, and suggest future directions of collaborative work as a global Magnolia conservation consortium

Recent Progress and Next Steps for the MATHUSLA LLP Detector

We report on recent progress and next steps in the design of the proposed MATHUSLA Long Lived Particle (LLP) detector for the HL-LHC as part of the Snowmass 2021 process. Our understanding of backgrounds has greatly improved, aided by detailed simulation studies, and significant R&D has been performed on designing the scintillator detectors and understanding their performance. The collaboration is on track to complete a Technical Design Report, and there are many opportunities for interested new members to contribute towards the goal of designing and constructing MATHUSLA in time for HL-LHC collisions, which would increase the sensitivity to a large variety of highly motivated LLP signals by orders of magnitude.Comment: Contribution to Snowmass 2021 (EF09, EF10, IF6, IF9), 18 pages, 12 figures. v2: included additional endorser

TFG 2014/2015

Amb aquesta publicació, EINA, Centre universitari de Disseny i Art adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, dóna a conèixer el recull dels Treballs de Fi de Grau presentats durant el curs 2014-2015. Voldríem que un recull com aquest donés una idea més precisa de la tasca que es realitza a EINA per tal de formar nous dissenyadors amb capacitat de respondre professionalment i intel·lectualment a les necessitats i exigències de la nostra societat. El treball formatiu s’orienta a oferir resultats que responguin tant a paràmetres de rigor acadèmic i capacitat d’anàlisi del context com a l’experimentació i la creació de nous llenguatges, tot fomentant el potencial innovador del disseny.Con esta publicación, EINA, Centro universitario de diseño y arte adscrito a la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, da a conocer la recopilación de los Trabajos de Fin de Grado presentados durante el curso 2014-2015. Querríamos que una recopilación como ésta diera una idea más precisa del trabajo que se realiza en EINA para formar nuevos diseñadores con capacidad de responder profesional e intelectualmente a las necesidades y exigencias de nuestra sociedad. El trabajo formativo se orienta a ofrecer resultados que respondan tanto a parámetros de rigor académico y capacidad de análisis, como a la experimentación y la creación de nuevos lenguajes, al tiempo que se fomenta el potencial innovador del diseño.With this publication, EINA, University School of Design and Art, affiliated to the Autonomous University of Barcelona, brings to the public eye the Final Degree Projects presented during the 2014-2015 academic year. Our hope is that this volume might offer a more precise idea of the task performed by EINA in training new designers, able to speak both professionally and intellectually to the needs and demands of our society. The educational task is oriented towards results that might respond to the parameters of academic rigour and the capacity for contextual analysis, as well as to considerations of experimentation and the creation of new languages, all the while reinforcing design’s innovative potential

Sin / Sense

Sexto desafío por la erradicación de la violencia contra las mujeres del Institut Universitari d’Estudis Feministes i de Gènere «Purificación Escribano» de la Universitat Jaume