The wide-field, multiplexed, spectroscopic facility WEAVE : survey design, overview, and simulated implementation

Funding for the WEAVE facility has been provided by UKRI STFC, the University of Oxford, NOVA, NWO, Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), the Isaac Newton Group partners (STFC, NWO, and Spain, led by the IAC), INAF, CNRS-INSU, the Observatoire de Paris, Région Île-de-France, CONCYT through INAOE, Konkoly Observatory (CSFK), Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA Heidelberg), Lund University, the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), the Swedish Research Council, the European Commission, and the University of Pennsylvania.WEAVE, the new wide-field, massively multiplexed spectroscopic survey facility for the William Herschel Telescope, will see first light in late 2022. WEAVE comprises a new 2-degree field-of-view prime-focus corrector system, a nearly 1000-multiplex fibre positioner, 20 individually deployable 'mini' integral field units (IFUs), and a single large IFU. These fibre systems feed a dual-beam spectrograph covering the wavelength range 366-959 nm at R ∼ 5000, or two shorter ranges at R ∼ 20,000. After summarising the design and implementation of WEAVE and its data systems, we present the organisation, science drivers and design of a five- to seven-year programme of eight individual surveys to: (i) study our Galaxy's origins by completing Gaia's phase-space information, providing metallicities to its limiting magnitude for ∼ 3 million stars and detailed abundances for ∼ 1.5 million brighter field and open-cluster stars; (ii) survey ∼ 0.4 million Galactic-plane OBA stars, young stellar objects and nearby gas to understand the evolution of young stars and their environments; (iii) perform an extensive spectral survey of white dwarfs; (iv) survey  ∼ 400 neutral-hydrogen-selected galaxies with the IFUs; (v) study properties and kinematics of stellar populations and ionised gas in z 1 million spectra of LOFAR-selected radio sources; (viii) trace structures using intergalactic/circumgalactic gas at z > 2. Finally, we describe the WEAVE Operational Rehearsals using the WEAVE Simulator.PostprintPeer reviewe

The wide-field, multiplexed, spectroscopic facility WEAVE: Survey design, overview, and simulated implementation

WEAVE, the new wide-field, massively multiplexed spectroscopic survey facility for the William Herschel Telescope, will see first light in late 2022. WEAVE comprises a new 2-degree field-of-view prime-focus corrector system, a nearly 1000-multiplex fibre positioner, 20 individually deployable 'mini' integral field units (IFUs), and a single large IFU. These fibre systems feed a dual-beam spectrograph covering the wavelength range 366$-$959\,nm at $R\sim5000$, or two shorter ranges at $R\sim20\,000$. After summarising the design and implementation of WEAVE and its data systems, we present the organisation, science drivers and design of a five- to seven-year programme of eight individual surveys to: (i) study our Galaxy's origins by completing Gaia's phase-space information, providing metallicities to its limiting magnitude for $\sim$3 million stars and detailed abundances for $\sim1.5$ million brighter field and open-cluster stars; (ii) survey $\sim0.4$ million Galactic-plane OBA stars, young stellar objects and nearby gas to understand the evolution of young stars and their environments; (iii) perform an extensive spectral survey of white dwarfs; (iv) survey $\sim400$ neutral-hydrogen-selected galaxies with the IFUs; (v) study properties and kinematics of stellar populations and ionised gas in $z<0.5$ cluster galaxies; (vi) survey stellar populations and kinematics in $\sim25\,000$ field galaxies at $0.3\lesssim z \lesssim 0.7$; (vii) study the cosmic evolution of accretion and star formation using $>1$ million spectra of LOFAR-selected radio sources; (viii) trace structures using intergalactic/circumgalactic gas at $z>2$. Finally, we describe the WEAVE Operational Rehearsals using the WEAVE Simulator.Comment: 41 pages, 27 figures, accepted for publication by MNRA

The wide-field, multiplexed, spectroscopic facility WEAVE: Survey design, overview, and simulated implementation

WEAVE, the new wide-field, massively multiplexed spectroscopic survey facility for the William Herschel Telescope, will see first light in late 2022. WEAVE comprises a new 2-degree field-of-view prime-focus corrector system, a nearly 1000-multiplex fibre positioner, 20 individually deployable 'mini' integral field units (IFUs), and a single large IFU. These fibre systems feed a dual-beam spectrograph covering the wavelength range 366−959\,nm at R∼5000, or two shorter ranges at R∼20000. After summarising the design and implementation of WEAVE and its data systems, we present the organisation, science drivers and design of a five- to seven-year programme of eight individual surveys to: (i) study our Galaxy's origins by completing Gaia's phase-space information, providing metallicities to its limiting magnitude for ∼3 million stars and detailed abundances for ∼1.5 million brighter field and open-cluster stars; (ii) survey ∼0.4 million Galactic-plane OBA stars, young stellar objects and nearby gas to understand the evolution of young stars and their environments; (iii) perform an extensive spectral survey of white dwarfs; (iv) survey ∼400 neutral-hydrogen-selected galaxies with the IFUs; (v) study properties and kinematics of stellar populations and ionised gas in z1 million spectra of LOFAR-selected radio sources; (viii) trace structures using intergalactic/circumgalactic gas at z>2. Finally, we describe the WEAVE Operational Rehearsals using the WEAVE Simulator

Actividad ovárica del tepezcuintle Agouti paca (Rodentia: Agoutidae) en cautiverio

Se caracterizó la actividad ovárica de A. paca por medio de perfiles hormonales y estructuras ováricas. Se muestrearon ocho hembras (siete adultas y una juvenil) en el criadero de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia en el estado de Yucatán, México, durante aproximadamente dos meses. Se recolectaron muestras sanguíneas cada 3 y 6 días en animales anestesiados. Se estimaron los niveles de progesterona (P4) y 17 &#946; estradiol (E2) sangu&#957;neos por radioinmunoan&#945;lisis. Las estructuras ováricas de animales muertos durante el periodo de muestreo fueron analizadas macro y microscópicamente. El ciclo ovárico duró 29±8.4 días, con niveles de 1.61±0.65 ng/ml para P4 y de 39±24 pg/ml para E2 durante la fase folicular, y de 6.18±3.70 ng/ml y 29±16 pg/ml para P4 y E2 respectivamente, en la fase luteal. Hubo diferencias (p<0.05) en los niveles de P4 entre las fases folicular y luteal, no así para E2. Se detectó la presencia de esteroides extragonadales, con niveles de 1.9±0.77 ng/ ml para P4 y de 22±17 pg/ml para E2, los cuales no son secretados por efecto del estrés por manejo. Los cambios en los niveles de P4 durante el ciclo son indicadores de actividad luteal, funcionando el tejido intersticial probablemente como una glándula productora de esteroides. De igual forma se observó que el crecimiento folicular ocurre durante todo el ciclo.<br>Ovarian activity of Agouti paca (Rodentia: Agoutidae) under captivity. The ovarian activity of Agouti paca was characterized by hormonal profiles and ovarian structures. Samples of blood were taken from eight females (seven adults and one juvenile) at the breeding grounds of the Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia in Yucatán, México. Sampling lasted approximately two months and was done every three and six days. Blood was collected from anesthetized animals, and the levels of progesterone (P4) and 17 &#946; estradiol (E2) were analized by radioimmunoassay technique. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were carried out in ovaries of dead animals. The estrous cycle lasted 29±8.4 days, levels of 1.61±0.65 ng/ml for P4 and 39±24 pg/ml for E2 were observed for a follicular phase, 6.18±3.70 ng/ml and 29±16 pg/ml for P4 and E2 respectively in the luteal phase. Statistically significant differences were found between phases for P4 but not for E2. The presence of extragonadal steroids with levels of P4 of 1.9±0.77 ng/ml and E2 of 22±17 pg/ml were observed, which are not produced by the effects of managing stress. The changes in the levels of P4 during the cycle are indicators of luteal activity, with the intersticial tissue acting probably as active steroids-producing gland.Follicular growth was observed during the entire cycle. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 903-912. Epub 2006 Sept. 29

ERRATA: Rubén C. Montes Pérez - Elsy A. Cabrera Baz, 2006. Actividad ovárica del tepezcuintle Agouti paca (Rodentia: Agoutidae) en cautiverio. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 903-912.

La fig. 2 y el cuadro 3 son como sigue

Actividad ovárica del tepezcuintle Agouti paca (Rodentia: Agoutidae) en cautiverio

The ovarian activity of Agouti paca was characterized by hormonal profiles and ovarian structures. Samples of blood were taken from eight females (seven adults and one juvenile) at the breeding grounds of the Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia in Yucatán, México. Sampling lasted approximately two months and was done every three and six days. Blood was collected from anesthetized animals, and the levels of progesterone (P4) and 17 β estradiol (E2) were analized by radioimmunoassay technique. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were carried out in ovaries of dead animals. The estrous cycle lasted 29±8.4 days, levels of 1.61±0.65 ng/ml for P4 and 39±24 pg/ml for E2 were observed for a follicular phase, 6.18±3.70 ng/ml and 29±16 pg/ml for P4 and E2 respectively in the luteal phase. Statistically significant differences were found between phases for P4 but not for E2. The presence of extragonadal steroids with levels of P4 of 1.9±0.77 ng/ml and E2 of 22±17 pg/ml were observed, which arenot produced by the effects of managing stress. The changes in the levels of P4 during the cycle are indicatorsof luteal activity, with the intersticial tissue acting probably as active steroids-producing gland.Follicular growthwas observed during the entire cycle.Se caracterizó la actividad ovárica de A. paca por medio de perfiles hormonales y estructuras ováricas. Se muestrearon ocho hembras (siete adultas y una juvenil) en el criadero de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia en el estado de Yucatán, México, durante aproximadamente dos meses. Se recolectaron muestras sanguíneas cada 3 y 6 días en animales anestesiados. Se estimaron los niveles de progesterona (P4) y 17 β estradiol (E2) sanguíneos por radioinmunoanálisis. Las estructuras ováricas de animales muertos durante el periodo de muestreo fueron analizadas macro y microscópicamente. El ciclo ovárico duró 29±8.4 días, con niveles de1.61±0.65 ng/ml para P4 y de 39±24 pg/ml para E2 durante la fase folicular, y de 6.18±3.70 ng/ml y 29±16 pg/ml para P4 y E2 respectivamente, en la fase luteal. Hubo diferencias (p&lt;0.05) en los niveles de P4 entre las fases folicular y luteal, no así para E2. Se detectó la presencia de esteroides extragonadales, con niveles de 1.9±0.77 ng/ml para P4 y de 22±17 pg/ml para E2, los cuales no son secretados por efecto del estrés por manejo. Los cambios en los niveles de P4 durante el ciclo son indicadores de actividad luteal, funcionando el tejido intersticial probablemente como una glándula productora de esteroides. De igual forma se observó que el crecimiento folicular ocurre durante todo el ciclo

Forage intake of the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu)

Objective: to evaluate voluntary intake of four forage species by collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) under confinement. Methods: four peccaries underwent a consumption test to assess their preference among four forages (Leucaena leucocephala, Guazuma ulmifolia, Brosimum alicastrum and Pennisetum purpureum). The experiment was divided into two phases. The first consisted of an adaptation period of 4 days during which they were offered 1 kg of each forage in different feeders for 4 hours, then removing and weighing the remaining forage to determine consumption. The voluntary intake test was assessed in the second phase using a Latin square design (4x4). Forage intake was analyzed using the Statgraphics 5.1 software. Results: highly significant differences (p <0.01) between consumption of each forage were observed, being G. ulmifolia the most consumed (170.18 g dry matter), followed by L. leucocephala, and B. alicastrum (132.19 and 98.37 g dry matter, respectively). The least consumed was P. purpureum (21.65 g dry matter). Conclusions: considering its high consumption and moisture content, G. ulmifolia could be successfully used as cut fodder for peccaries under confinement.Objetivo: avaliar o consumo voluntário de quatro espécies de plantas forrageiras pelos catetos sob confinamento (Pecari tajacu). Métodos: quatro catetos foram submetidos a uma prova de consumo em cativeiro para avaliar sua preferência entre quatro substratos forrageiros (Leucaena leucocephala, Guazuma ulmifolia, Brosimum alicastrum e Pennisetum purpureum). O experimento dividiu-se em duas fases. A primeira consistiu num período de adaptação de 4 dias, durante os quais foi oferecido 1 kg de cada forragem em diferentes comedouros durante 4 horas, retirando depois a forragem e pesando o remanente para determinar o consumo. A prova de consumo voluntário executou-se na segunda fase mediante um desenho de quadrado latino (4x4). O consumo de forragem analisou-se mediante o software Statgraphics 5.1. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças altamente significativas (P <0.01) entre o consumo de cada forragem, sendo G. ulmifolia o mais consumido (170.179 g de matéria seca), seguido por L. leucocephala e B. alicastrum (132.19 e 98.37 g de matéria seca, respectivamente), e P. purpureum o menos consumido (matéria seca 21.65g). Conclusões: Devido ao consumo elevado e ao alto teor de umidade, G. ulmifolia poderia ser utilizado com sucesso como forragem cortado para catetos em confinamento.Objetivo: evaluar el consumo voluntario de cuatro especies de plantas forrajeras por el pecarí de collar bajo confinamiento (Pecari tajacu). Métodos: cuatro pecaríes fueron sometidos a una prueba de consumo en cautiverio para evaluar su preferencia entre cuatro sustratos forrajeros (Leucaena leucocephala, Guazuma ulmifolia, Brosimum alicastrum y Pennisetum purpureum). El experimento se dividió en dos fases. La primera consistió en un periodo de adaptación de 4 días, durante los cuales se les ofreció 1 kg de cada forraje en diferentes comederos durante 4 horas, retirando luego el forraje y pesando el remanente para determinar su consumo. La prueba de consumo voluntario se ejecutó en la segunda fase mediante un diseño de cuadrado latino (4x4). El consumo de forraje se analizó mediante el software Statgraphics 5.1. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias altamente significativas (p<0.01) entre los consumos de cada forraje, siendo G. ulmifolia el más consumido (170.179 g materia seca), seguido de L. leucocephala, y B. alicastrum (132.19 y 98.37 g de materia seca, respectivamente), siendo P. purpureum el menos consumido (21.65g materia seca). Conclusiones: por su alto consumo y gran contenido de humedad, G. ulmifolia podría utilizarse exitosamente como forraje cortado para pecaríes bajo confinamiento

Asignación del sexo en Odocoileus virginianus por análisis de excretas sometidas a intemperie

The objective was to evaluate the efficiency of the allocation sex white-tailed deer adults in reproductive and non-reproductive periods, by measuring levels of proportion of metabolites of androgens, estrogens and fecal progestins and morphometric measurements of excreta, subject to weather for 0, 10, 20 and 30 days. Deer fecal samples were collected in three farms of Yucatan State. Each sample was identified by animal and sex. Values were morphometric width, length, length/width and average pellet volume, the analysis was applied fuzzy clustering. Fecal steroid metabolites were estimated by radioimmunoassay. Androgen/progestin, progestins/androgens, estrogens/androgens, androgens/estrogens, progestins/estrogens and estrogen/progestin indexes were calculated. Theory predictive value was used in both methods to evaluate efficiency. It is concluded that the allocation of sex ratios of fecal estrogen metabolites/androgen and androgen/estrogen weather of 0 and 10 days are efficient in non-breeding season; progestin/estrogen, progestins/androgen, estrogen/androgen in the four days of weather, have greater efficiency in the breeding season, the morphometric method is not efficient in both seasons, nor in any of the treatments outdoors.El objetivo fue evaluar la eficiencia de la asignación del sexo de venados cola blanca adultos en las épocas reproductiva y no reproductiva, por la medición de índices de proporción de metabolitos de andrógenos, estrógenos y progestinas fecales y las medidas morfométricas de las excretas, sometidas a intemperie por 0, 10, 20 y 30 días. Se colectaron muestras fecales de venados en tres criaderos del estado de Yucatán. Cada muestra fue identificada por animal y sexo. Los valores morfométricos fueron ancho, longitud, relación longitud/ancho y volumen promedio de pellets, se aplicó el análisis de grupos difusos. Los metabolitos de esteroides fecales fueron estimados por radioinmunoanálisis. Se calcularon los índices Andrógenos/Progestinas, Progestinas/Andrógenos, Estrógenos/Andrógenos, Andrógenos/Estrógenos, Progestinas/Estrógenos y Estrógenos/Progestinas. Se utilizó la Teoría del valor predictivo en ambos métodos para evaluar la eficiencia. Se concluye que la asignación del sexo por índices de metabolitos fecales estrógenos/andrógenos y andrógenos/estrógenos a intemperie de 0 y 10 dias son eficientes en la época no reproductiva; progestina/estrógenos, andrógenos/progestinas progestinas/andrógenos, estrógenos/andrógenos en los cuatro tiempos de intemperie, tienen mayor eficiencia en la época reproductiva, el método morfométrico no es eficiente en ambas épocas, ni en alguno de los tratamientos a intemperie

Variaciones nucleotídicas de dos grupos de tepezcuintles, Agouti paca (Rodentia: Agoutidae), en cautiverio provenientes de dos localidades de Yucatán, México

The objective of this work was to estimate the nucleotidic variation between two groups of tepezcuintles (Agouti paca) from the states of Campeche and Quintana Roo, Mexico and within members of each group. Blood samples were collected from eleven A. paca kept in captivity. DNA from leukocytic cells was used for Ramdom Amplification of DNA Polimorphism (RAPD). The primers three 5'-d(GTAGACCCGT)- 3' and six 5'-d(CCCGTCAGCA)- 3' were selected from de Amersham kit (Ready.To.Go. RAPD Analysis Beads, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), because they produced an adequate number of bands. The electrophoretic pattern of bands obtained was analyzed using software for phylogenetic analysis based on the UPGMA method, to estimate the units of nucleotidic variation. The phylogenetic tree obtained with primer three reveals a dicotomic grouping between the animals from both states in the Yucatan Peninsula showing a divergent value of 1.983 nucleotides per hundred. Animals from Quintana Roo show a grouping with primer six; an additional grouping was observed with animals from Campeche. Nucleotidic variation between both groups was 2.118 nucleotides per hundred. The nucleotidic variation for the two primers within the groups from both states, showed fluctuating values from 0.46 to 1.68 nucleotides per hundred, which indicates that nucleotidic variation between the two groups of animals is around two nucleotides per hundred and, within the groups, less than 1.7 nucleotides per hundred. Estimamos las variaciones nucleotídicas entre dos grupos de tepezcuintles (Agouti paca) provenientes de los estados de Campeche y Quintana Roo, México y, dentro de cada grupo. Se colectaron muestras sanguíneas de once A. paca mantenidos en cautiverio. El ADN de leucocitos se utilizó para efectuar la amplificación aleatoria de polimorfismos de ADN (RAPD). Se seleccionaron los iniciadores número tres 5' -d(GTAGACCCGT)-3' y seis 5' -d(CCCGTCAGCA)-3' del estuche (Ready.To.Go. RAPD Analysis Beads, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), porque produjeron un adecuado número de bandas. Los patrones electroforéticos de bandas fueron procesados con el software para análisis filogenético basado en el método de UPGMA para estimar la variación nucleotídica. El árbol filogenético obtenido con el iniciador tres reveló una agrupación dicotómica entre los animales de ambos estados de la Península de Yucatán, con un valor de divergencia de 1.983 nucleótidos de cada cien. Los animales de Quintana Roo mostraron un agrupamiento con el iniciador seis y, otro grupo más con animales procedentes de Campeche. La variación nucleotídica entre estos dos grupos fue de 2.118 nucleótidos por cada cien. Las variaciones nucleotídicas dentro de los grupos procedentes de ambos estados, para los dos iniciadores, mostraron valores que fluctuaron entre 0.46 y 1.68 nucleótidos de cada cien, lo cual indica que la variación nucleotídica entre los dos grupos de animales es alrededor de dos nucleótidos por cada cien y, dentro de grupos es menor a 1.7 nucleótidos por cada cien

Variaciones nucleotídicas de dos grupos de tepezcuintles, Agouti paca (Rodentia: Agoutidae), en cautiverio provenientes de dos localidades de Yucatán, México

Estimamos las variaciones nucleotídicas entre dos grupos de tepezcuintles (Agouti paca) provenientes de los estados de Campeche y Quintana Roo, México y, dentro de cada grupo. Se colectaron muestras sanguíneas de once A. paca mantenidos en cautiverio. El ADN de leucocitos se utilizó para efectuar la amplificación aleatoria de polimorfismos de ADN (RAPD). Se seleccionaron los iniciadores número tres 5’ -d(GTAGACCCGT)-3’ y seis 5’ -d(CCCGTCAGCA)-3’ del estuche (Ready.To.Go. RAPD Analysis Beads, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), porque produjeron un adecuado número de bandas. Los patrones electroforéticos de bandas fueron procesados con el software para análisis filogenético basado en el método de UPGMA para estimar la variación nucleotídica. El árbol filogenético obtenido con el iniciador tres reveló una agrupación dicotómica entre los animales de ambos estados de la Península de Yucatán, con un valor de divergencia de 1.983 nucleótidos de cada cien. Los animales de Quintana Roo mostraron un agrupamiento con el iniciador seis y, otro grupo más con animales procedentes de Campeche. La variación nucleotídica entre estos dos grupos fue de 2.118 nucleótidos por cada cien. Las variaciones nucleotídicas dentro de los grupos procedentes de ambos estados, para los dos iniciadores, mostraron valores que fluctuaron entre 0.46 y 1.68 nucleótidos de cada cien, lo cual indica que la variación nucleotídica entre los dos grupos de animales es alrededor de dos nucleótidos por cada cien y, dentro de grupos es menor a 1.7 nucleótidos por cada cien.Nucleotidic variations of two captive groups of tepezcuintle, Agouti paca (Rodentia: Agoutidae), from two sites in Yucatan, Mexico. The objective of this work was to estimate the nucleotidic variation between two groups of tepezcuintles (Agouti paca) from the states of Campeche and Quintana Roo, Mexico and within members of each group. Blood samples were collected from eleven A. paca kept in captivity. DNA from leukocytic cells was used for Ramdom Amplification of DNA Polimorphism (RAPD). The primers three 5’-d(GTAGACCCGT)- 3’ and six 5’-d(CCCGTCAGCA)- 3’ were selected from de Amersham kit (Ready.To.Go. RAPD Analysis Beads, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), because they produced an adequate number of bands. The electrophoretic pattern of bands obtained was analyzed using software for phylogenetic analysis based on the UPGMA method, to estimate the units of nucleotidic variation. The phylogenetic tree obtained with primer three reveals a dicotomic grouping between the animals from both states in the Yucatan Peninsula showing a divergent value of 1.983 nucleotides per hundred. Animals from Quintana Roo show a grouping with primer six; an additional grouping was observed with animals from Campeche. Nucleotidic variation between both groups was 2.118 nucleotides per hundred. The nucleotidic variation for the two primers within the groups from both states, showed fluctuating values from 0.46 to 1.68 nucleotides per hundred, which indicates that nucleotidic variation between the two groups of animals is around two nucleotides per hundred and, within the groups, less than 1.7 nucleotides per hundred. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 911-917. Epub 2006 Sept. 29