Elements of Infrastructure Demand in Multiplayer Video Games

With the advent of organized eSports, game streaming, and always-online video games, there exist new and more pronounced demands on players, developers, publishers, spectators, and other video game actors. By identifying and exploring elements of infrastructure in multiplayer games, this paper augments Bowman’s (2018) conceptualization of demands in video games by introducing a new category of ‘infrastructure demand’ of games. This article describes how the infrastructure increasingly built around video games creates demands upon those interacting with these games, either as players, spectators, or facilitators of multiplayer video game play. We follow the method described by Susan Leigh Star (1999), who writes that infrastructure is as mundane as it is a critical part of society and as such is particularly deserving of academic study. When infrastructure works properly it fades from view, but in doing so loses none of its importance to human endeavor. This work therefore helps to make visible the invisible elements of infrastructure present in and around multiplayer video games and explicates the demands these elements create on people interacting with those games

EFEKTIFITAS JARINGAN PERJALANAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN TEORI GRAF HAMILTON (STUDI KASUS SIMPANG LIMA-TERMINAL BATOH, BANDA ACEH)

Terminal adalah suatu prasarana transportasi jalan untuk menurunkan dan menaikkan penumpang, yang mengatur kedatangan dan pemberangkatan kendaraan umum. Memperbanyak jaringan jalan dan membuatnya terintegrasi juga merupakan salah satu pertimbangan yang membuat perjalanan menjadi lebih efisien dan lebih efektif, sehingga diperoleh penghematan waktu tempuh dalam pergerakan trayek angkutan umum penumpang dan barang. Berdasarkan latar belakang yang telah dipaparkan di atas, maka dilakukan studi yang bertujuan untuk menentukan jalur terbaik berdasarkan waktu dan rute terpendek dalam sistem jaringan jalan dari Simpang Lima menuju Terminal Batoh Kota Banda Aceh dengan tiga rute alternatif. Pengumpulan data jarak tempuh dan waktu tempuh perjalanan, dilakukan pada jaringan jalan tersebut dengan menggunakan odometer dan stopwatch. Data tersebut kemudian dilakukan perhitungan dengan bantuan Microsoft Excel. Pemodelan menggunakan metode Graf, kemudian dilakukan analisis siklus Hamilton. Hasil yang diperoleh dari perhitungan analisis interaksi kegiatan jaringan pergerakan adalah apabila rute 1 yang beroperasi, maka jumlah pergerakan lalu lintas yang terjadi, yaitu sebesar 5.219 kendaraan/jam dengan waktu tempuh 23,67 menit. Apabila rute 2 yang beroperasi, maka jumlah pergerakan lalu lintas yang terjadi, yaitu sebesar 4.240 kendaraan/jam dengan waktu tempuh 29,14 menit. Apabila rute 3 yang beroperasi, maka jumlah pergerakan lalu lintas yang terjadi, yaitu sebesar 5.598 kendaraan/jam dengan waktu tempuh 22,07 menit. Apabila rute 1 dan rute 2 sama-sama beroperasi, maka jumlah total pergerakan lalu lintas adalah 6.795 kendaraan/jam dengan waktu tempuh 18,18 menit. Apabila rute 1, 2 dan 3 sama-sama beroperasi, maka jumlah total pergerakan lalu lintas adalah 43.895 kendaraan/jam dengan waktu tempuh 2,81 menit. Maka rute kombinasi 1, 2 dan 3 yang efektifitas beroperasi sekaligus, karena semakin banyak pilihan rute atau alternatif jaringan, maka semakin besar pergerakan yang dapat dilakukan dan waktu tempuh yang dihasilkan semakin kecil. Kata kunci: pemilihan jalur alternatif, rute efektif, metode graf hamilton.Banda Ace

The Short Rise and Long Fall of heterodox Economics in germany After the 1970s: Explorations in a Scientific Field of Power and Struggle.

In the context of ongoing criticisms of the lack of pluralism in economics, the present article aims to discuss the development of ‘heterodox’ economics since the 1970s. Following Lakatos’s concept of scientific research programs (srp), and concentrating on the situation in Germany, the article will discuss classifications of economics, and will specify the understanding of diversity in the light of ‘axiomatic variations’ of the economic mainstream. This will form the basis for the subsequent description of the development of heterodoxy in Germany, with special reference to the founding of new universities and the reform movements in the 1970s. It can be shown that the heterodox scene flourished in this period, but that this pluralization remained fragmented and short-lived; by the 1980s at the latest heterodoxy was again on its way to marginalization. The history of heterodoxy in Germany thus presents itself as an unequal ‘battle of the paradigms,’ and can only be told as the story of a failure

Assumption without representation: the unacknowledged abstraction from communities and social goods

We have not clearly acknowledged the abstraction from unpriceable “social goods” (derived from communities) which, different from private and public goods, simply disappear if it is attempted to market them. Separability from markets and economics has not been argued, much less established. Acknowledging communities would reinforce rather than undermine them, and thus facilitate the production of social goods. But it would also help economics by facilitating our understanding of – and response to – financial crises as well as environmental destruction and many social problems, and by reducing the alienation from economics often felt by students and the public