Fungsi Sosiologis Undang-undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 Dalam Memenuhi Hak-hak Masyarakat

Constitution is a binding social contract between government and citizen. Their relationships figure the rights of the society. These rightsbecome the tool of society to participate in making government policy, to control the governmentand to avoid the practice of absolutpower.Therefore, the 1945 Indonesian Constitution regulates the norms of rights of society. The functions of the rights are to up hold society justice as well as to create society welfare. The regulation of rights of society in Indonesian Constitution indicates itssociological function.It accommodates the right of society in its relationship between government and citizen

Mexico City and the biogeochemistry of global urbanization

Mexico City is far advanced in its urban evolution, and cities in currently developing nations may soon follow a similar course. This paper investigates the strengths and weaknesses of infrastructures for the emerging megacities. The major driving force for infrastructure change in Mexico City is concern over air quality. Air chemistry data from recent field campaigns have been used to calculate fluxes in the atmosphere of the Valley of Mexico, for compounds that are important to biogeochemistry including methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), ammonia (NH3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx and NOy), soot, and dust. Leakage of liquified petroleum gas approached 10% during sampling periods, and automotive pollutant sources in Mexico City were found to match those in developed cities, despite a lower vehicle-to-person ratio of 0.1. Ammonia is released primarily from residential areas, at levels sufficient to titrate pollutant acids into particles across the entire basin. Enhancements of reduced nitrogen and hydrocarbons in the vapor phase skew the distribution of NOy species towards lower average deposition velocities. Partly as a result, downwind nutrient deposition occurs on a similar scale as nitrogen fixation across Central America, and augments marine nitrate upwelling. Dust suspension from unpaved roads and from the bed of Lake Texcoco was found to be comparable to that occurring on the periphery of the Sahara, Arabian, and Gobi deserts. In addition, sodium chloride (NaCl) in the dust may support heterogeneous chlorine oxide (ClOx) chemistry. The insights from our Mexico City analysis have been tentatively applied to the upcoming urbanization of Asia

The association between emotions and eating behaviour in an obese population with binge eating disorder

There is utility in understanding the antecedents of binge eating (BE), with a view to explaining poorer weight loss treatment responses in this subgroup. A systematic review was completed according to PRISMA guidelines with the aim of exploring Q3 associations between emotions and eating behaviour in a population affected by obesity and binge eating disorder (BED). A comprehensive literature search of four electronic databases (2004–2014) yielded 15 studies for inclusion. Included studies performed poorly on data quality analysis with respect to controlling for confounding variables, and sample size. Included papers largely focused on negative emotions as antecedents of BE; depression was consistently associated with a BEDobese classification and BE. Negative mood, sadness, tension and instability of emotions were found to be antecedents of BE in an adult BED-obese sample. However, findings were mixed regarding the role of stress, anger and positive emotions within the BED-obese population. Recommendations are presented for the identification of BED, and ecologically valid experimental designs that further understanding of the complex and varied emotions that associate with BE. The implications of these and other limitations for both researchers and practitioners are discussed. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research alongside suggestions for practitioners.University of Wolverhampto

Characterisation of proteins in excretory/secretory products collected from salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis

Background  The salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, is an ectoparasitic copepod which feeds on the mucus, skin and blood of salmonid fish species. The parasite can persist on the surface of the fish without any effective control being exerted by the host immune system. Other ectoparasitic invertebrates produce compounds in their saliva, excretions and/or secretions which modulate the host immune responses allowing them to remain on or in the host during development. Similarly, compounds are produced in secretions of L. salmonis which are thought to be responsible for immunomodulation of the host responses as well as other aspects of crucial host-parasite interactions.  Methods  In this study we have identified and characterised the proteins in the excretory/secretory (E/S) products of L. salmonis using LC-ESI-MS/MS.  Results  In total 187 individual proteins were identified in the E/S collected from adult lice and pre-adult sea lice. Fifty-three proteins, including 13 serine-type endopeptidases, 1 peroxidase and 5 vitellogenin-like proteins were common to both adult and pre-adult E/S products. One hundred and seven proteins were identified in the adult E/S but not in the pre-adult E/S and these included serine and cysteine-type endopeptidases, vitellogenins, sphingomyelinase and calreticulin. A total of 27 proteins were identified in pre-adult E/S products but not in adult E/S.  Conclusions  The assigned functions of these E/S products and the potential roles they play in host-parasite interaction is discussed

REBT with Context of Basic Psychological Needs: RESD-A Scale

Background Accurate psychometrics benefit from assessing given constructs within specifically defined con-texts. The assessment of context-specific irrational beliefs as put forth in Rational Emotive Be-haviour Therapy (REBT), under the three basic psychological needs described in Self Determi-nation Theory (SDT), represents a new path for research. Under the umbrella of Positive Psy-chology, a new scale for adolescents combining REBT and SDT is the first step towards concep-tualizing irrational beliefs within the three basic psychological needs. The integration of REBT and SDT would provide a more fully integrated view of adolescent mental health, and as such could provide a more cost-effective approach for preventing cognitive, emotive, and behavioural disturbances in young people. Aims The main aim of this paper is to outline the development and validation of the Rational Emotive Self Determination Scale for Adolescents (RESD-A), which measures irrational beliefs about the three basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness). Methods To achieve this main study aim, we report the results of four studies that test the factor struc-ture, internal consistency, construct, predictive validity, and test-retest reliability of the 51-item RESD-A, within samples of Turkish adolescents. Results Data analyses confirmed the theoretical expectations and yielded promising results for the va-lidity and reliability of the RESD-A. Conclusions The results suggest that assessment of irrational beliefs in the context of autonomy, competence and relatedness is possible and valuable for the treatment of adolescents

Neurocognitive Consequences of HIV Infection in Older Adults: An Evaluation of the “Cortical” Hypothesis

The incidence and prevalence of older adults living with HIV infection is increasing. Recent reports of increased neuropathologic and metabolic alterations in older HIV+ samples, including increased cortical beta-amyloid, have led some researchers to suggest that aging with HIV may produce a neuropsychological profile akin to that which is observed in “cortical” dementias (e.g., impairment in memory consolidation). To evaluate this possibility, we examined four groups classified by HIV serostatus and age (i.e., younger ≤40 years and older ≥50 years): (1) Younger HIV− (n = 24); (2) Younger HIV+ (n = 24); (3) Older HIV− (n = 20); and (4) Older HIV+ (n = 48). Main effects of aging were observed on episodic learning and memory, executive functions, and visuoconstruction, and main effects of HIV were observed on measures of verbal learning and memory. The interaction of age and HIV was observed on a measure of verbal recognition memory, which post hoc analyses showed to be exclusively attributed to the superior performance of the younger HIV seronegative group. Thus, in this sample of older HIV-infected individuals, the combined effects of HIV and aging do not appear to result in a “cortical” pattern of cognitive deficits