Lagrangian Formalism in Perturbed Nonlinear Klein-Gordon Equations

We develop an alternative approach to study the effect of the generic perturbation (in addition to explicitly considering the loss term) in the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations. By a change of the variables that cancel the dissipation term we are able to write the Lagrangian density and then, calculate the Lagrangian as a function of collective variables. We use the Lagrangian formalism together with the Rice {\it Ansatz} to derive the equations of motion of the collective coordinates (CCs) for the perturbed sine-Gordon (sG) and $\phi^{4}$ systems. For the $N$ collective coordinates, regardless of the {\it Ansatz} used, we show that, for the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations, this approach is equivalent to the {\it Generalized Traveling Wave Ansatz} ({\it GTWA})Comment: 9 page

Myths and Misconceptions About Second Language Learning: What Every Teacher Needs to Ulearn

By discussing commonly held myths and misconceptions, this paper attempts to clarify a number of important issues in the area of second language learning. These include the ease and rapidity with which children learn a second language, the optimal age at which to begin second language instruction, the importance of the extent of exposure to the second language, the relationship between oral communication skills and academic language skills, and cultural and individual differences in language learning styles.Each myth presented in this paper is followed by a discussion of related research on second language learning and its implications for classroom teachers. It is important for the teachers of language minority students to understand that second language learning by school-aged children is a longer, harder, more complex process than most of them have been led to believe

The Small Satellite Integrated Communication Environment (I.C.E.) - An Update

The Integrated Communication Environment (ICE) concept was initially presented at the 2014 Small Satellite Conference. This paper presents the results of an analysis we subsequently performed that establishes the viability of this novel satellite communication technology. Our point to point link budget analysis confirms that a viable ICE system can be realized using 4G LTE technology operating at 1.9 Gigahertz that can yield a data rate of more than 3 Megabytes per second. Continuing advancements in cellular technology, increases in bandwidth, and low installation costs offer the small satellite community a global satellite communication solution that has significant advantages over legacy ground site system architectures. The ICE approach effectively offers a simple means to upload your satellite command plans via email or text while downloading streaming live data through a select set of modified cell towers. Additionally, and even more importantly, it offers a new layer of Space Resiliency by migrating communications from highly vulnerable ground sites to thousands of cellular nodes. A key component of the ICE concept is to modify existing cellular towers by adding fixed upward-pointing, narrow beam antennas. A single cell tower provides only limited communications access. However, by distributing these antennas over appropriately spaced cell towers we can create overlapping coverage that spans very large areas. The goal is to integrate satellite communications into existing cellular networks to break free from the legacy ground station approach, thus offering a new communications paradigm for future satellite programs. The satellites themselves must also be modified, but SMALLSAT and NANOSAT satellite systems already exploit the size, sophistication, and capabilities of Smartphone technology, which is currently being considered for the operating system on many new small satellite applications. The benefit of using this technology is further enhanced when one considers the inherent communications capabilities offered by these highly sophisticated devices. Although the technology has greatly evolved over the past decade for terrestrial use, modifications will be required for the satellite communications application; such as increased transmit power in conjunction with a downward pointing high-gain antenna. In the ICE concept, a generic approach is proposed for sending data to and from the satellite in logically-small transfer packages (ICE Pacs), designed to identify standardized data types: Command and Control (C2) uplink; Status of Health (SoH) downlink; Data Packages; etc. ICE not only offers a novel and affordable means for communicating with small satellites, but can stimulate growth of a whole new community that supports this communication concept solution. At the national level, ICE offers the Space Resiliency community a low cost risk mitigation layer in the event that communications with legacy ground sites is lost. As we begin to launch large constellations of small satellites, it is becoming increasingly clear that the legacy ground site architecture will not meet the communications demands needed to realize the benefits of these small satellite constellations. It is time to put our legacy satellite communications approach on ICE