In vitro antioxidant activities of resveratrol, cinnamaldehyde and their synergistic effect against cyadox-induced cytotoxicity in rabbit erythrocytes

This study was conducted to explore the potential benefits of using cinnamaldehyde (CIN), resveratrol (RES) separately or in combination on cyadox (CYA)-induced alterations in isolated rabbit erythrocytes. Erythrocytes suspensions were partitioned into 7 groups (5 replicates/group), 1st kept as control treated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO); 2nd group was subjected to CYA (40 μg/ml), 3rd group was incubated with CIN (40 μM), 4th group was subjected to RES (40 μM), 5th group was co-exposed to CYA (40 μg/ml) and CIN (40 μM), 6th group was co exposed to CYA (40 μg/ml) and RES (40 μM), and 7th group was exposed to CYA in combination with both CIN and RES at the same indicated concentrations. The reaction mixtures of different groups were incubated at 37 °C for 3 h with gentle shaking every 15 minutes. Our results revealed that exposure to CYA caused a significant decrease (linear and quadratic) in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and the contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione transferase (GST). Incubation of erythrocytes with CYA increased GSSG content, GSSG/GSH ratio, malonaldehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PrC) concentrations while it decreased the total protein (TP). CYA also lead to hemolysis and energy depletion of erythrocytes beside activation of caspase cascades, suggesting the pro-oxidant effect CYA that could be implicated in eryptosis. CIN and RES were able to inverse these hazardous effects of CYA. However, CIN was more effective than RES, their combination showed a positive synergistic effect in protecting the cells against oxidative injury caused by CYA

Assessment of the toxic impacts of acute exposure to fipronil insecticide on Japanese quails

The acute toxicity of fipronil on mature Japanese quails was investigated. Birds received a single oral dose of fipronil at doses of LD50 (11.3 mg ∕ kg), 1∕2 LD50 , 1∕5 LD50 and 1∕10 LD50. All the birds were slaughtered 96h post administration. Specimens from liver, muscle and abdominal fat were collected for applying single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) technique, histopathological examination and residual analysis of fipronil. Fipronil increased the percentage of DNA damage and the histopathological alterations in tissues of quails mostly at high doses. Fipronil were residues detected in all examined samples with variable concentrations even in the tissues of control group although there was no any clinical signs or symptoms

Assessment of cyadox effects on the antioxidant defense system and hemolysis of isolated rabbit erythrocytes

Objective: The current study was conducted to assess the biological in vitro impacts of cyadox (CYA) as growth promoter on erythrocytes isolated from rabbits. Methodology: Suspensions of erythrocytes were divided into 6 groups (5 replicates each), 1st group served as control; 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th groups were respectively subjected to CYA at 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μg mL–1, then incubated for 3 and 6 h at 37°C and shaken gently from 3-4 times per hour. Results: The data obtained revealed that the low doses of CYA (2.5 and 5 μg mL–1) diminished the reduced glutathione (GSH) content and enhanced the catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities even after incubation with CYA for 6 h. These concentrations also had no linear or quadratic influences on the values of malonaldehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PrC) as well as the hemoglobin (Hb), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and total protein (TP) levels in erythrocytes. Increasing the concentration of CYA (10, 20 and 40 μg mL–l) and increasing the incubation period resulted in depletion of GSH, inhibited the CAT and SOD activities and decreased the protein content in the treated RBCs while the levels of PrC, MDA, Hb, TP and ATP were increased in response to increasing the dose and incubation time. Conclusion: From these results it could be concluded that CYA may be safe at recommended doses (2.5 and 5 μg mL–1) while using at high concentrations revealed pro-oxidant properties which could in turn affect cell survival

Medicinal and Therapeutic Potential of Herbs and Plant Metabolites / Extracts Countering Viral Pathogens - Current Knowledge and Future Prospects

Recently, there has been a remarkable progress in the field of antiviral herbal therapy owing to increasing concerns about the development of drug resistance and limited advances in the field of antiviral drug discovery. In almost all countries, medicinal plants have been used widely throughout history for the treatment of diseases and infections as traditional healing remedies due to their broad therapeutic spectrum and minimal or no side effects. As synthetic antiviral drugs are not available against most of the viral agents, hence all possible efforts have been focused on the search for new drugs and complementary/alternative medicines from different herbal formulations. Medicinal plants contain extractable biochemical and bioactive compounds, which can target certain viruses or can cure or prevent several viral diseases and infections. Despite their long history of use, the research and scientific evidences regarding the use of medicinal plants and natural products as prophylactics, therapeutics, and their health multiple beneficial applications have only gained momentum in past few decades. Many scientific studies have been undertaken, which range from the separation of active substances to the comprehension of the therapeutic mechanisms of antiviral herbs, their potent applications in the neutralization of viral pathogens and clinical trials. Consequently, hundreds of herbs and plant metabolites have been screened, identified, and tested for their antiviral activities; fortunately, some have shown significant medicinal activity in the amelioration or prevention of various viral diseases in both preclinical and clinical studies. This review addresses the scientific significance of various herbal formulations of different medicinal plants and their extracts, which have shown promise or been proven effective for the treatment of diseases caused by various viral pathogens, including emerging and re-emerging virus

In vitro

This study was conducted to explore the potential benefits of using cinnamaldehyde (CIN), resveratrol (RES) separately or in combination on cyadox (CYA)-induced alterations in isolated rabbit erythrocytes. Erythrocytes suspensions were partitioned into 7 groups (5 replicates/group), 1st kept as control treated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO); 2nd group was subjected to CYA (40 μg/ml), 3rd group was incubated with CIN (40 μM), 4th group was subjected to RES (40 μM), 5th group was co-exposed to CYA (40 μg/ml) and CIN (40 μM), 6th group was co exposed to CYA (40 μg/ml) and RES (40 μM), and 7th group was exposed to CYA in combination with both CIN and RES at the same indicated concentrations. The reaction mixtures of different groups were incubated at 37 °C for 3 h with gentle shaking every 15 minutes. Our results revealed that exposure to CYA caused a significant decrease (linear and quadratic) in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and the contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione transferase (GST). Incubation of erythrocytes with CYA increased GSSG content, GSSG/GSH ratio, malonaldehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PrC) concentrations while it decreased the total protein (TP). CYA also lead to hemolysis and energy depletion of erythrocytes beside activation of caspase cascades, suggesting the pro-oxidant effect CYA that could be implicated in eryptosis. CIN and RES were able to inverse these hazardous effects of CYA. However, CIN was more effective than RES, their combination showed a positive synergistic effect in protecting the cells against oxidative injury caused by CYA