BOA Reflectance Based Dead and Defective Pixel Interpolation in the ENMAP Ground Segment Processing Chain

The high-resolution imaging spectroscopy remote sensing mission "Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program" (EnMAP) [1] was successfully launched on April 1st, 2022 and entered operational phase on November 2nd, 2022. The data acquired by remote sensing platforms might be affected by different types of pixel defects, due to aging, degradation of electronic components, mechanical vibrations and data transmission failures [2]. These can produce from missing to low quality data (i.e. low- and high-gain linearity effects, non-uniformity effects (photo-response non-uniformity (PRNU), dark-signal non-uniformity (DSNU)) as well as low and high radiance values outside of the allowed dynamic range). In addition, sensor noise can reduce the quality of the data in some pixels in strong atmospheric absorption spectral regions. In particular in strong atmospheric absorption regions the narrow spectral bands may suffer from low signal to noise values. This paper gives a description of the dead and defective pixel correction algorithm as implemented in the EnMAP L1B processor. Results are evaluated intrinsically by generating artificial dead-pixel maps, masking healthy nominal pixels of an acquired EnMAP datatake in order to be able to compare the interpolated results with valid reference values. Further interpolation results are extrinsically and quantitatively compared to the dead-pixel interpolated processor output of the DESIS hyperspectral sensor, for which dead-pixel correction is conducted by common means of interpolating in spectral dimension on top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiances and only on hardware-based defects (in contrary to the EnMAP dead and defective pixel masks which includes quality flagging). Additionally, the dataset is artificially damaged to simulate partial loss of the radiance data to present the overall performance of the dead-pixel correction reconstruction capabilities within the frame of the file and data deletion conditions

Disseminated Effects in Agent Based Models: A Potential Outcomes Framework and Application to Inform Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Coverage Levels for HIV Prevention

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention may not only benefit the individual who uses it, but also their uninfected sexual risk contacts. We developed an agent-based model using a novel trial emulation approach to quantify disseminated effects of PrEP use among men who have sex with men in Atlanta, USA from 2015 to 2017. Components (subsets of agents connected through partnerships in a sexual network, but not sharing partnerships with any other agents) were first randomized to an intervention coverage level or control, then within intervention components, eligible agents were randomized to PrEP. We estimated direct and disseminated (indirect) effects using randomization-based estimators and reported corresponding 95% simulation intervals across scenarios ranging from 10% to 90% coverage in the intervention components. A population of 11,245 agents was simulated with an average of 1,551 components identified. Comparing agents randomized to PrEP in 70% coverage components to control agents, there was a 15% disseminated risk reduction in HIV incidence (95% simulation intervals = 0.65, 1.05). Individuals not on PrEP may receive a protective benefit by being in a sexual network with higher PrEP coverage. Agent-based models are useful to evaluate possible direct and disseminated effects of HIV prevention modalities in sexual networks

The Carnegie Supernova Project. I. Third Photometry Data Release of Low-redshift Type Ia Supernovae and Other White Dwarf Explosions

We present final natural-system optical (ugriBV) and near-infrared (YJH) photometry of 134 supernovae (SNe) with probable white dwarf progenitors that were observed in 2004-2009 as part of the first stage of the Carnegie Supernova Project (CSP-I). The sample consists of 123 Type Ia SNe, 5 Type Iax SNe, 2 super-Chandrasekhar SN candidates, 2 Type Ia SNe interacting with circumstellar matter, and 2 SN 2006bt-like events. The redshifts of the objects range from to 0.0835; the median redshift is 0.0241. For 120 (90%) of these SNe, near-infrared photometry was obtained. Average optical extinction coefficients and color terms are derived and demonstrated to be stable during the five CSP-I observing campaigns. Measurements of the CSP-I near-infrared bandpasses are also described, and near-infrared color terms are estimated through synthetic photometry of stellar atmosphere models. Optical and near-infrared magnitudes of local sequences of tertiary standard stars for each supernova are given, and a new calibration of Y-band magnitudes of the Persson et al. standards in the CSP-I natural system is presented.Fil: Krisciunas, Kevin. Texas A&M University; Estados UnidosFil: Contreras, Carlos. University Aarhus; Dinamarca. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Burns, Christopher R.. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Phillips, M. M.. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Stritzinger, Maximilian D.. Las Campanas Observatory; Chile. University Aarhus; DinamarcaFil: Morrell, Nidia Irene. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Hamuy, Mario. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Anais, Jorge. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Boldt, Luis. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Busta, Luis. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Campillay, Abdo. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Castellón, Sergio. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Folatelli, Gaston. Las Campanas Observatory; Chile. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas; ArgentinaFil: Freedman, Wendy L.. University of Chicago; Estados UnidosFil: González, Consuelo. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Hsiao, Eric Y.. Florida State University; Estados Unidos. University Aarhus; Dinamarca. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Krzeminski, Wojtek. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Persson, Sven Eric. Carnegie Observatories;Fil: Roth, Miguel. Gmto Corporation; Chile. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Salgado, Francisco. Leiden Observatory Research Institute; . Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Serón, Jacqueline. Las Campanas Observatory; Chile. Cerro Tololo Inter American Observatory; ChileFil: Suntzeff, Nicholas B.. Texas A&M University; Estados UnidosFil: Torres, Simón. Soar Telescope; Chile. Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: Filippenko, Alexei V.. University of California at Berkeley; Estados UnidosFil: Li, Weidong. University of California at Berkeley; Estados UnidosFil: Madore, Barry F.. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute Of Technology; . Las Campanas Observatory; ChileFil: DePoy, D.L.. Texas A&M University; Estados UnidosFil: Marshall, Jennifer L.. Texas A&M University; Estados UnidosFil: Rheault, Jean Philippe. Texas A&M University; Estados UnidosFil: Villanueva, Steven. Texas A&M University; Estados Unidos. Ohio State University; Estados Unido

Clinical care of incarcerated people with HIV, viral hepatitis, or tuberculosis

The burden of HIV/AIDS and other transmissible diseases is higher in prison and jail settings than in the non-incarcerated communities that surround them. In this comprehensive review, we discuss available literature on the topic of clinical management of people infected with HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses, and tuberculosis in incarcerated settings in addition to co-occurrence of one or more of these infections. Methods such as screening practices and provision of treatment during detainment periods are reviewed to identify the effect of community-based treatment when returning inmates into the general population. Where data are available, we describe differences in the provision of medical care in the prison and jail settings of low-income and middle-income countries compared with high-income countries. Structural barriers impede the optimal delivery of clinical care for prisoners, and substance use, mental illness, and infectious disease further complicate the delivery of care. For prison health care to reach the standards of community-based health care, political will and financial investment are required from governmental, medical, and humanitarian organisations worldwide. In this review, we highlight challenges, gaps in knowledge, and priorities for future research to improve health-care in institutions for prisoners

First year EnMAP radiometric performance based on scenes over RadCalNet and PICS sites

The radiometric performance of EnMAP is presented based on scenes over RadCalNet and PICS sites acquired during the first year since launch. The results show the typical accuracy and stability attainable by EnMAP radiometric products

Experimental motivation and empirical consistency in minimal no-collapse quantum mechanics

We analyze three important experimental domains (SQUIDs, molecular interferometry, and Bose-Einstein condensation) as well as quantum-biophysical studies of the neuronal apparatus to argue that (i) the universal validity of unitary dynamics and the superposition principle has been confirmed far into the mesoscopic and macroscopic realm in all experiments conducted thus far; (ii) all observed "restrictions" can be correctly and completely accounted for by taking into account environmental decoherence effects; (iii) no positive experimental evidence exists for physical state-vector collapse; (iv) the perception of single "outcomes" is likely to be explainable through decoherence effects in the neuronal apparatus. We also discuss recent progress in the understanding of the emergence of quantum probabilities and the objectification of observables. We conclude that it is not only viable, but moreover compelling to regard a minimal no-collapse quantum theory as a leading candidate for a physically motivated and empirically consistent interpretation of quantum mechanics.Comment: 24 pages, 11 figures, final published versio

First-Year Spectroscopy for the SDSS-II Supernova Survey

This paper presents spectroscopy of supernovae discovered in the first season of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey-II Supernova Survey. This program searches for and measures multi-band light curves of supernovae in the redshift range z = 0.05 - 0.4, complementing existing surveys at lower and higher redshifts. Our goal is to better characterize the supernova population, with a particular focus on SNe Ia, improving their utility as cosmological distance indicators and as probes of dark energy. Our supernova spectroscopy program features rapid-response observations using telescopes of a range of apertures, and provides confirmation of the supernova and host-galaxy types as well as precise redshifts. We describe here the target identification and prioritization, data reduction, redshift measurement, and classification of 129 SNe Ia, 16 spectroscopically probable SNe Ia, 7 SNe Ib/c, and 11 SNe II from the first season. We also describe our efforts to measure and remove the substantial host galaxy contamination existing in the majority of our SN spectra.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal(47pages, 9 figures

EnMap In-flight Calibration Status

The Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) hyperspectral satellite mission was successfully launched on 1st April 2022. The mission aims to monitor and characterise Earth’s environment in the spectral range from 420 - 2450 nm. The VNIR sensor provides 91 science channels ranging from 420 - 1000 nm with an average Spectral Sampling Distance (SSD) of 6.5 nm. While the SWIR sensor covers the range from 900 - 2450 nm with 131 channels and 10nm SSD. - The off-nadir pointing capability (up to 30 degrees) enables 5000 km to be monitored per day, with a swath width of 30 km and a spatial resolution of 30 m. The EnMAP satellite is equipped with several subsystems which allow periodic in-flight monitoring and calibration. The Full Aperture solar Diffuser Assembly (FADA) is used for absolute radiometric calibration. The On-Board Calibration Assembly (OBCA) is composed of 2 integrating spheres: one is coated with a doped diffuser material and is used for the spectral calibration; the second sphere, coated with a white spectralon, is used for Radiometric stability monitoring. Linearity LEDs are placed in front of the detector to monitor their linearity by measuring the response at constant illumination with increasing integration times. The Shutter Calibration Mechanism (SCM) allows for measurements with no light input to be performed in order to compute Dark Signal values and, in combination with Deep Space measurements, to compute any existing shutter emission in the SWIR range. This contribution will present a summary of the calibration activities performed during the EnMAP Commissioning Phase