SPYTHIA, A Supersymmetric Extension of PYTHIA 5.7

SPYTHIA is an event level Monte Carlo program which simulates particle production and decay at lepton and hadron colliders in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). It is an extension of PYTHIA 5.7, with all of its previous capabilities. This paper is meant to supplement the PYTHIA/JETSET user manual, providing a description of the new particle spectrum, hard scattering processes, and decay modes. Several examples of using the program are provided.Comment: 12 pages, Latex2e, also available at http://www.hep.anl.gov/theory/mrenna

Chargino Production and Decay in Photon-Photon-Collisions

We study the production and leptonic decay of charginos in collisions of polarized photon beams including the complete spin correlations. The photons can be generated by Compton backscattering of polarized laser pulses off a polarized electron beam. Since the production process is determined alone by the electromagnetic coupling of the charginos this process allows to study their decay dynamics. The cross section and the forward-backward asymmetry of the decay lepton are very sensitive to the gaugino mass parameter $M_1$ and to the sneutrino mass without any ambiguities.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, LaTeX, Talk presented at the International Workshop on High Energy Photon Collider

Dynamische Optimierung zur Identifikation von Regulationsstrategien des Stoffwechsels

This work analyzes regulatory strategies of metabolic pathways by using a dynamic optimization framework with the quasi-sequential approach. For this purpose it was in a first part necessary to improve the accuracy of state profile approximation and to derive a finite element placement strategy for the quasi-sequential approach. Since the accuracy control is only done in the simulation layer, the nonlinear programming solver need not be restarted and the resulting enhanced accuracy accelerates convergence performance and increases the robustness of the solution to initialization of the parameterised control profiles. The second part consider two studies for the identification of regulatory strategies of unbranched metabolic pathways with the extended quasi-sequential approach: Study A investigates the extent to which transcriptional regulation controls metabolism. With increasing enzyme costs, the optimal regulatory program shifts from a sparse regulation of initial and terminal reactions to a pervasive regulation of all reactions within a pathway. The predicted regulatory strategies were confirmed by a subsystem dependent data analysis of Escherichia coli and can be explained by a trade-off between protein cost minimization and response time optimization due to changes in environmental conditions. Study B investigates the cases where all enzymes are transcriptional regulated. Here it is shown that protein abundance and protein synthesis capacity are key factors that determine the optimal activation strategies. Furthermore, in case of pathways with large differences in protein abundance, complex pathway activation strategies are optimal. Signatures of these pathway activation strategies as well as their dependence on the proposed constraints were confirmed by data analysis for a large number of metabolic pathways in several hundred prokaryotes.In dieser Arbeit werden optimale Regulationsstrategien von Stoffwechselnetzwerken unter Anwendung der quasi-sequentiellen Methode identifiziert und analysiert. Diese Vorgehensweise setzt Erweiterungen der quasi-sequentiellen Methode voraus, welche im ersten Teil der Arbeit beschrieben werden. Die Erweiterungen betreffen eine Kontrolle der Approximationsgenauigkeit der Zustandsverläufe und eine adaptive Diskretisierung während der Lösung des Optimierungsproblems. Hierbei wurde die Approximationskontrolle in der Simulationsschicht der quasi-sequentiellen Methode realisiert. Dies führt dazu, dass gradienten-basierte Lösungsalgorithmen in ihrer iterativen Lösungsstrategie ungehindert fortfahren können und somit keine Neustarts notwendig sind. Weiterhin verbessert die gesicherte Approximationsgenauigkeit die Konvergenzeigenschaften und erhöht die Robustheit gegenüber den Startwertschätzungen der zu optimierenden Steuerungsprofile.Im zweiten Teil wird die Identifikation von Regulationsstrategien des Stoffwechsels mit den obigen Erweiterungen der quasi-sequentiellen Methode für zwei verschiedene Regulationsszenarien durchgeführt. In Szenario A wird durch die Formulierung von Optimalsteuerungsproblemen untersucht, welche Aufgabe die transkriptionelle Regulation bei der Kontrolle von Stoffwechselnetzwerken übernimmt. Es ergibt sich für steigende Kosten der Enzyme ein Umschalten des optimalen regulatorischen Programms von einer dünn verteilten, transkriptionellen Regulation zu einer umfassenden, transkriptionellen Regulation. Die Vorhersagen dieser regulatorischen Strategien wurden durch eine teilsystem-bezogene Datenanalyse in Escherichia coli überprüft und können durch einen Kompromiss zwischen zu minimierenden Kosten für Proteine und einer optimalen Antwortzeit auf veränderte Umweltbedingungen erklärt werden. In Szenario B wird die Situation untersucht, wo alle Enzyme transkriptionell reguliert werden und sich somit der Fokus auf optimale Aktivierungsstrategien verändert. Dabei ergeben sich, in Abhängigkeit der Proteinmassen und der Proteinsynthesekapazität verschiedene Ausprägungen von optimalen Aktivierungsstrategien. Weiterhin ergeben sich für große Unterschiede in den benötigten Proteinmassen komplexe Aktivierungsstrategien. Die Signaturen dieser Aktivierungsstrategien und auch der Einfluss der Beschränkungen wurden in den Regulationen von vielen Stoffwechselnetzwerken in hunderten Prokaryoten nachgewiesen

SDECAY: a Fortran code for the decays of the supersymmetric particles in the MSSM

We present the Fortran code SDECAY, which calculates the decay widths and branching ratios of all the supersymmetric particles in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, including higher order effects. Besides the usual two-body decays of fermions and gauginos and the three-body decays of charginos, neutralinos and gluinos, we have also implemented the three-body decays of top squarks, and even the four-body decays of the top squark; the important loop-induced decay modes are also included. The QCD corrections to the two-body decays involving strongly interacting particles and the dominant components of the electroweak corrections to all decay modes are implemented.Comment: 42 page

Penerapan Pendekatan Kontekstual untuk Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Matematika pada Materi Lingkaran Bagi Siswa Kelas VIII C SMP Negeri 1 Karangawen Demak Tahun Pelajaran 2008/2009

Sampai saat ini, pendidikan masih memegang peranan yang sangat penting. Dengan adanya pendidikan, sumber daya manusia dapat berkembang menuju ke arah yang lebih baik dan salah satunyanya adalah dapat dilihat dari prestasi belajar yang telah dicapai oleh peserta didik. Dalam perkembangannya, guru harus memiliki keahlian untuk memilih dan menggunakan metode pengajaran yang sesuai dengan mata pelajaran khususnya matematika serta mengetahui kondisi peserta didik disamping penguasaan keterampilan yang lain karena matematika merupakan mata pelajaran yang dianggap sulit oleh sebagian besar peserta didik. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, diperlukan suatu metode pembelajaran yang berguna untuk meningkatkan minat agar aktivitas dan prestasi belajar peserta didik optimal yaitu dengan menggunakan pendekatan kontekstual. Penelitian ini ditempuh melalui 3 siklus, tiap siklus terdiri atas 4 tahapan, yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan/tindakan, pengamatan/observasi, dan refleksi. Metode pengambilan data dengan pemanfaatan Lembar Kerja, tes tertulis (evaluasi), lembar pengamatan guru dan lembar pengamatan peserta didik serta angket refleksi peserta didik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan persentase ketuntasan belajar mengalami peningkatan yaitu dari 86,55 % pada siklus I menjadi 87,14 % pada siklus II dan meningkat lagi menjadi 90,81 % pada siklus III. Aktivitas peserta didik mengalami peningkatan dari persentase 72,5 % pada siklus I menjadi 88,75 % pada siklus II dan meningkat lagi menjadi 90 % pada siklus III. Aktivitas guru yang diperoleh lembar pengamatan aktivitas guru mengalami peningkatan dari persentase 71,6 % pada siklus I menjadi 87,5 % pada siklus II dan meningkat lagi menjadi 92 % pada siklus III. Dari hasil yang diperoleh dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan penerapan pendekatan kontekstual pada materi lingkaran dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar dan aktivitas peserta didik kelas VIII?é?á C SMP Negeri 1 Karangawen Demak sesuai dengan indikator yang ditentukan. ?é?

A description of the neutralino observables in terms of projectors

Applying Jarlskog's treatment of the CKM matrix, to the neutralino mass matrix in MSSM for real soft gaugino SUSY breaking and $\mu$-parameters, we construct explicit analytical expressions for the four projectors which acting on any neutralino state project out the mass eigenstates. Analytical expressions for the neutralino mass eigenvalues in terms of the various SUSY parameters, are also given. It is shown that these projectors and mass eigenvalues are sufficient to describe any physical observable involving neutralinos, to any order of perturbation theory. As an example, the $e^-e^+ \to \tilde \chi^0_i \tilde \chi^0_j$ cross section at tree level is given in terms of these projectors. The expected magnitude of their various matrix elements in plausible SUSY scenarios is also discussed.Comment: 14 pages, no figures. Version to appear in Phys. Rev. D. e-mail: [email protected]

SUSY-QCD Decays of Squarks and Gluinos

The partial widths are determined for squark decays to gluinos and quarks, and gluino decays to squarks and quarks, respectively. The widths are calculated including one-loop SUSY-QCD corrections. The corrections amount to $+$30\% to $+$50\% for squark decays and $-$10\% to $+$10\% for gluino decays. We have derived the results in the \DR ~and \MS ~renormalization schemes, and we have demonstrated explicitly that the one-loop effective $qqg$ and q\sq\gl couplings are equal in the limit of exact supersymmetry.Comment: 11 pages, Latex2e, 2 figures (uses epsfig). Complete postscript file available at http://www.desy.de/pub/preprints/desy/1996/desy96-022.p

Probing CP Violation with and without Momentum Reconstruction at the LHC

We study the potential to observe CP-violating effects in SUSY cascade decay chains at the LHC. We consider squark and gluino production followed by subsequent decays into neutralinos with a three-body leptonic decay in the final step. Asymmetries composed by triple products of momenta of the final state particles are sensitive to CP-violating effects. Due to large boosts these asymmetries can be difficult to observe at a hadron collider. We show that using all available kinematic information one can reconstruct the decay chains on an event-by-event basis even in the case of 3-body decays, neutrinos and LSPs in the final state. We also discuss the most important experimental effects like major backgrounds and momentum smearing due to finite detector resolution. We show that with 300 fb$^{-1}$ of collected data, CP violation may be discovered at the LHC for a wide range of the phase of the bino mass parameter $M_1$.Comment: Version accepted for publication in JHEP. Clarifications added on the assumptions used for plots. New references adde

SPheno, a program for calculating supersymmetric spectra, SUSY particle decays and SUSY particle production at e+ e- colliders

SPheno is a program that accurately calculates the supersymmetric particle spectrum within a high scale theory, such as minimal supergravity, gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking, anomaly mediated supersymmetry breaking, or string effective field theories. An interface exists for an easy implementation of other models. The program solves the renormalization group equations numerically to two--loop order with user-specified boundary conditions. The complete one--loop formulas for the masses are used which are supplemented by two--loop contributions in case of the neutral Higgs bosons and the mu parameter. The obtained masses and mixing matrices are used to calculate decay widths and branching ratios of supersymmetric particles as well as of Higgs bosons, b -> s gamma, Delta(rho) and (g-2)_muon. Moreover, the production cross sections of all supersymmetric particle as well as Higgs bosons at e+ e- colliders can be calculated including initial state radiation and longitudinal polarization of the incoming electrons/positrons. The program is structured such that it can easily be extend to include non-minimal models and/or complex parameters.Comment: 55 pages, latex, 1 figure, v2: eq.(86) corrected, extended discussion on the implementation of b->s gamma, version to be published in Comput. Phys. Commun.; v3: typos in Eqs. 34, 38-41 corrected; v4: SUSY Les Houches accord implemented, extended discussion of low energy inpu