Los aprendizajes previos: La base de una nueva educación

La presente investigación aborda los saberes relacionados con el proceso enseñanza y aprendizaje teniendo en cuenta la diversidad, para llevar a cabo este estudio se toma el escenario de práctica Institución Educativa Sor María Juliana de la ciudad de Cartago. Se realizó un ejercicio de investigación paralelo y juicioso separado de la práctica docente, para su desarrollo se acude a los docentes de grado undécimo del complejo educativo para que junto con la práctica permitieran observar sus clases de ciencias sociales y realizar algunos encuentros y actividades con los estudiantes. Es importante agregar que el diseño metodológico es de enfoque cualitativo primando la observación participativa ¿del cómo?, ¿y el qué? los estudiantes quieren aprender y cómo desean que se desarrollen las clases. Para ello se acudió a entrevistas abiertas y observación participante, al igual que algunos encuentros en donde se plantearon actividades con los estudiantes y se plasmó la información en diarios de campo.The present investigation approaches the precious knowledge related to the teaching and learning process considering diversity, to conduct the investigation the scenario of practice is taken in the Educational Institution Sor María Juliana of the city of Cartago where also one of the investigators studied. In the research, a parallel and judicious research exercise was carried out separately from the practice exercise of the tenth semester, we went to the teachers of the eleventh grade of the Educational Institution so that together with the practice we were allowed to observe their social sciences classes and to carry out some meetings and activities with the students with the purpose of carrying out our research. It is important to add that the methodological design is of qualitative approach, giving priority to the participative observation of how, and what, the students want to learn and how they want the classes to them development. For this purpose, we used open interviews and participant observation, like some meetings in which the researcher’s proposed activities with the students and the information was recorded in field diaries.PregradoLicenciado(a) en EtnoeducaciónTabla de contenido Resumen............................................................................................................................. 8 Abstract.............................................................................................................................. 9 Introducción .................................................................................................................... 10 Justificación..................................................................................................................... 11 Planteamiento del problema .......................................................................................... 12 Formulación del problema ............................................................................................ 14 Objetivos.......................................................................................................................... 14 Objetivo General........................................................................................................... 14 Objetivos Específicos.................................................................................................... 14 Marcos de Referencia ..................................................................................................... 15 Marco contextual .......................................................................................................... 15 Antecedentes................................................................................................................. 16 Diversidad................................................................................................................. 16 Marco Teórico............................................................................................................... 20 Diversidad................................................................................................................. 20 Diversidad sexual...................................................................................................... 20 Diversidad étnica y cultural ...................................................................................... 21 Diversidad étnica ...................................................................................................... 22 Diversidad cultural.................................................................................................... 23 Reconocimiento de la diversidad en el aula.............................................................. 24 La educación y la diversidad..................................................................................... 25 Educación diversa en lo educativo............................................................................ 26 Educación diversa en lo social.................................................................................. 26 Diversidad de aprendizaje......................................................................................... 27 Saberes previos ......................................................................................................... 28 Saberes previos y su importancia en el aprendizaje.............................................. 28 Saberes previos como modalidad de aprendizajes culturales. .............................. 29 La importancia del uso de saberes previos en el aula ........................................... 29 Conocimientos previos: cómo se conciben en el programa apoyo compartido.... 30 7 Teoría del constructivismo psicogenético de Piaget............. 31 Teoría del Socio-Constructivismo de Vygotsky....................................................... 32 Conocimientos previos e intervención docente. ................................................... 32 Enseñanza- aprendizaje......................................................................................... 34 La educación en la actualidad................................................................................... 38 El papel del maestro del siglo XXI:...................................................................... 39 Un maestro que reconoce lo diverso, los saberes previos y la relación del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje: ................................................................................................ 39 El docente del siglo XXI en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje. ...................... 40 Metodología ..................................................................................................................... 41 Enfoque metodológico.................................................................................................. 41 Unidad de análisis..................................................................................................... 41 Técnicas de recolección de información................................................................... 42 Observación participante. ..................................................................................... 42 Herramientas de recolección de información ........................................................... 42 Diario de Campo ................................................................................................... 42 Análisis de los hallazgos, conclusiones y recomendaciones ................................ 43 Discusión de Resultados ................................................................................................. 45 Diversidad..................................................................................................................... 45 Saberes previos ............................................................................................................. 46 Enseñanza- aprendizaje................................................................................................. 47 Conclusiones.................................................................................................................... 48 Recomendaciones............................................................................................................ 50 Referencias bibliográficas.............................................................................................. 5

Resiliencia y burnout en la carrera dua

The dual career in which an athlete combines studies or work with sport, can be facilitated or interrupted by different factors. The aim of the present study was to know the prevalence of resilience and burnout symptoms of professional athletes; and analyze the differences based on their compatibility or not with an academic and/or professional career. Elite athletes of different modalities were evaluated, 29 men and 3 women (age: M = 22.37 SD = 3.9), who were administered the Resilience Scale (Ruíz, De la Vega, Poveda, Rosado, & Serpa, 2012; adaptation of Wagnild and Young, 1993) adapted to Spanish and the Burnout Inventory in Athletes Revised (IBD-R; Garcés, De Francisco and Arce, 2012). The results showed that 27.7% of the elite athletes who, in turn, carried out their studies, presented a high resilience compared to 10% of the athletes who only practice sport, notable significant differences. Regarding burnout syndrome, 81.25% of the athletes evaluated had related symptoms, without significant differences depending on whether they were pursuing a dual career or not. In this way, information is provided on the beneficial and complementary nature of the dual trajectories compared to the single sports, with more resilient athletes; capable of facing the academic/professional and sports transitions that become a motivating challenge and not a threat, preventing stressful situations, abandoning your sport and/or studies. In addition, resilience is presented as a key emotional competence in the skills training dual career.La carrera dual en la que un deportista combina es-tudios o trabajo con deporte puede verse facilitada o interrumpida por distintos factores. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue conocer la prevalencia de resiliencia y sintomatología de burnout de deportistas profesionales y analizar las diferencias en función de su compatibilidad o no con una carrera académica y/o pro-fesional. Se evaluó a deportistas élite de diferentes mo-dalidades, 29 varones y 3 mujeres (edad: M = 22.37 DT = 3.9), a los que se le administró la Escala de Resiliencia (Ruíz, De la Vega, Poveda, Rosado, & Serpa, 2012; adap-tación de Wagnild y Young, 1993) adaptada al español y el Inventario de Burnout en Deportistas Revisado (IBD-R; Garcés, De Francisco y Arce, 2012). Los resultados mostraron que un 27.7% de los deportistas élite que, a su vez, realizaban sus estudios, presentaba una eleva-da resiliencia en comparación con el 10% de los atletas que únicamente practica deporte, diferencias signifi-cativas destacables. Respecto al síndrome del burnout,el 81.25% de los deportistas evaluados presentaba sin-tomatología relacionada, sin diferencias significativas en función de si cursaban carrera dual o no. Se aporta así información de la naturaleza beneficiosa y comple-mentaria de las trayectorias duales frente a la deportiva única con deportistas más resilientes, capaces de hacer frente a las transiciones académico/profesionales y de-portivas que le acontecen como un reto motivante y no como una amenaza, previniendo situaciones de estrés, el abandono de su deporte y/o estudios. Además, se pre-senta la resiliencia como competencia emocional clave en la formación de competencias de la carrera duaActividad Física y Deport

Soil greenhouse gas emissions and crop production with implementation of alley cropping in a Mediterranean citrus orchard

The implementation of alley cropping in orchards has been suggested as a sustainable strategy to increase farmer revenues by crop diversification, enhance soil organic matter (SOM) and fertility, water retention, overall biodiversity, and contribute to climate change mitigation. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess if alley cropping with annual crops can contribute to i) mitigate soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, ii) enhance C sequestration in a semiarid Mediterranean irrigated citrus orchard, and iii) increase land productivity. For this, two different treatments were established: i) conventional mandarin monoculture (MC) with no alley cropping; and ii) mandarin diversified with alley cropping of barley/vetch and fava bean (DIV). Measurements of soil CO2 and N2O emissions were periodically performed (every 7–20 days) during two years. Soil CO2 emission rates followed the soil moisture trend, and showed no significant differences between treatments. As an average, soil CO2 emission rates were 147 mg m-2 h-1 in MC and 196 mg m-2 h-1 in DIV. Soil N2O emission rates were not correlated to soil moisture nor temperature, and showed average values of 0.026 mg m-2 h-1 in MC and − 0.002 mg m-2 h-1 in DIV. Alley cropping did not contribute to significantly increase soil organic C and total nitrogen in two years’ time. With regard to production, mandarin yield showed no significant differences between treatments, but alley crops contributed to complementary commodities to the main cash crop, increasing overall land productivity. Thus, alley cropping in irrigated Mediterranean orchards has no significant effect on soil C sequestration and GHG emissions at short-term, with increased land productivity owing to new commodities grown in the alleys. These results confirm that under semiarid Mediterranean climate, long periods are needed to efficiently assess soil C sequestration potential of sustainable practices in orchards.This work was supported by the European Commission Horizon 2020 Project Diverfarming [Grant agreement 728003]. Raúl Zornoza acknowledges the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the “Ramón y Cajal” Program [RYC-2015-18758]

Non-uniform sinusoidally modulated half-mode leaky-wave lines for near-field focusing pattern synthesis

A novel non-uniform sinusoidally modulated half-mode microstrip structure with application to near-field focused leaky-wave radiation in the backward Fresnel zone is proposed. First, it is presented a dispersion analysis of the constituent backward leaky wave in the sinusoidally modulated unit cell in half-width microstrip technology. This information is then used to design a finite non-uniform line that focuses the radiated fields at the desired point. Finally, eight similar line sources are arranged in a radial array to generate a three-dimensional focused spot located at the desired focal length over the simple central coaxial feeding. Simulated and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed simple approach.Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia TEC2013-47037-C5-5-R, TEC2010-21520-C04-04, TEC2013-41913-PFundación Séneca 08833/PI/0

Estudio de factibilidad para un modelo de pizzería en la ciudad de Santa Ana, municipio de Santa Ana

El desarrollo de esta investigación surge ante la necesidad de personas que deseen buscar un emprendimiento no solo para beneficio personal, sino también, para el beneficio de la sociedad, para que así, puedan tomar decisiones más precisas basadas en lo que este estudio presenta. Por lo ya mencionado, se vuelve necesario dar respuesta a dudas sobre la factibilidad de un proyecto de inversión de la fabricación y comercialización de pizza, buscando dar un toque innovador en el producto

Multilayered balanced dual-band bandpass filter based on magnetically coupled open-loop resonators with intrinsic common-mode rejection

A new dual-band balanced bandpass filter based on magnetically coupled open-loop resonators in multilayer technology is proposed in this paper. The lower differential passband, centered at the Global Positioning System (GPS) L1 frequency, 1.575 GHz, was created by means of two coupled resonators etched in the middle layer of the structure, while the upper differential passband, centered at a Wi-Fi frequency of 2.4 GHz, was generated by coupling two resonators on the top layer. Magnetic coupling was used to design both passbands, leading to an intrinsic common-mode rejection of 39 dB within the lower passband and 33 dB within the upper passband. Simulation and measurement results are provided to verify the usefulness of the proposed dual-band differential bandpass filter.Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades TEC2017-84724-

Evolved Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains to reduce ethyl carbamate in Sherry wines

Urea is the main precursor of ethyl carbamate in fortified wines, which is in turn mostly produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to the arginine catabolism during alcoholic fermentation. Due to its potential safety risks, efforts have been taken to reduce ethyl carbamate content by reducing the urea produced. However, most of them have been made through genetic manipulation, and their use in the food industry is therefore limited by legal constraints. In the present study, the adaptive laboratory evolution technique had been used to improve this trait in a diploid wine yeast already used at industrial level to obtain Sherry base wine. For this purpose, the genetic variability of the yeast population was increased by sexual reproduction and subsequently canavanine, a toxic arginine analogue, was applied as selective pressure to select yeast variants with lower urea production. Finally, an evolved variant that showed 62% lower urea content than the parental strain, also displaying an enhanced fermentative performance, was selected. The base Sherry wine obtained at industrial level not only showed a lower urea and ethyl carbamate content, but also an improvement in the aromatic profile, being fruitier and fresher than that obtained with the parental strain mainly due to an increase in ester content

Effective antimicrobial activity of ZnO and Yb-doped ZnO nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Nanostructured Zn1-xYbxO (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) powders were prepared by the solution method using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sucrose. The effect of the ytterbium doping content on the structural, morphological, optical and antimicrobial properties was analyzed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the hexagonal wurtzite structure was retained, and no secondary phases due to doping were observed. The crystallite size was under 20nm for all the Zn1-xYbxO (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) powders. The optical band gap was calculated, and the results revealed that this value increased with the ytterbium content, and the Eg values varied from 3.06 to 3.10 eV. The surface chemistry of the powders was analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the results confirmed the oxidation state of ytterbium as 3+ for all the samples. Zn1-xYbxO (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) nanoparticles were tested as antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, resulting in a potential antimicrobial effect at most of the tested concentrations. These results were used in an artificial neural network (ANN). The results showed that it is possible to generate a model capable of forecasting the absorbance with good precision (error of 1–2%)

Cohort profile: the Hortega Study for the evaluation of non-traditional risk factors of cardiometabolic and other chronic diseases in a general population from Spain.

PURPOSE: The Hortega Study is a prospective study, which investigates novel determinants of selected chronic conditions with an emphasis on cardiovascular health in a representative sample of a general population from Spain. PARTICIPANTS: In 1997, a mailed survey was sent to a random selection of public health system beneficiaries assigned to the University Hospital Rio Hortega's catchment area in Valladolid (Spain) (n=11 423, phase I), followed by a pilot examination in 1999-2000 of 495 phase I participants (phase II). In 2001-2003, the examination of 1502 individuals constituted the Hortega Study baseline examination visit (phase III, mean age 48.7 years, 49% men, 17% with obesity, 27% current smokers). Follow-up of phase III participants (also termed Hortega Follow-up Study) was obtained as of 30 November 2015 through review of health records (9.5% of participants without follow-up information). FINDINGS TO DATE: The Hortega Study integrates baseline information of traditional and non-traditional factors (metabolomic including lipidomic and oxidative stress metabolites, genetic variants and environmental factors, such as metals), with 14 years of follow-up for the assessment of mortality and incidence of chronic diseases. Preliminary analysis of time to event data shows that well-known cardiovascular risk factors are associated with cardiovascular incidence rates, which add robustness to our cohort. FUTURE PLANS: In 2020, we will review updated health and mortality records of this ongoing cohort for a 5-year follow-up extension. We will also re-examine elder survivors to evaluate specific aspects of ageing and conduct geolocation to study additional environmental exposures. Stored biological specimens are available for analysis of new biomarkers. The Hortega Study will, thus, enable the identification of novel factors based on time to event data, potentially contributing to the prevention and control of chronic diseases in ageing populations

Soil greenhouse gas emissions and crop production with implementation of alley cropping in a Mediterranean citrus orchard

The implementation of alley cropping in orchards has been suggested as a sustainable strategy to increase farmer revenues by crop diversification, enhance soil organic matter (SOM) and fertility, water retention, overall biodiversity, and contribute to climate change mitigation. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess if alley cropping with annual crops can contribute to i) mitigate soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, ii) enhance C sequestration in a semiarid Mediterranean irrigated citrus orchard, and iii) increase land productivity. For this, two different treatments were established: i) conventional mandarin monoculture (MC) with no alley cropping; and ii) mandarin diversified with alley cropping of barley/vetch and fava bean (DIV). Measurements of soil CO2 and N2O emissions were periodically performed (every 7–20 days) during two years. Soil CO2 emission rates followed the soil moisture trend, and showed no significant differences between treatments. As an average, soil CO2 emission rates were 147 mg m-2 h-1 in MC and 196 mg m-2 h-1 in DIV. Soil N2O emission rates were not correlated to soil moisture nor temperature, and showed average values of 0.026 mg m-2 h-1 in MC and − 0.002 mg m-2 h-1 in DIV. Alley cropping did not contribute to significantly increase soil organic C and total nitrogen in two years’ time. With regard to production, mandarin yield showed no significant differences between treatments, but alley crops contributed to complementary commodities to the main cash crop, increasing overall land productivity. Thus, alley cropping in irrigated Mediterranean orchards has no significant effect on soil C sequestration and GHG emissions at short-term, with increased land productivity owing to new commodities grown in the alleys. These results confirm that under semiarid Mediterranean climate, long periods are needed to efficiently assess soil C sequestration potential of sustainable practices in orchards.This work was supported by the European Commission Horizon 2020 Project Diverfarming [Grant agreement 728003]. Raúl Zornoza acknowledges the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the “Ramón y Cajal” Program [RYC-2015-18758].Peer reviewe