Multi-temporal evaluation of soil moisture and land surface temperature dynamics using in situ and satellite observations

Soil moisture (SM) is an important component of the Earth’s surface water balance and by extension the energy balance, regulating the land surface temperature (LST) and evapotranspiration (ET). Nowadays, there are two missions dedicated to monitoring the Earth’s surface SM using L-band radiometers: ESA’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP). LST is remotely sensed using thermal infrared (TIR) sensors on-board satellites, such as NASA’s Terra/Aqua MODIS or ESA & EUMETSAT’s MSG SEVIRI. This study provides an assessment of SM and LST dynamics at daily and seasonal scales, using 4 years (2011–2014) of in situ and satellite observations over the central part of the river Duero basin in Spain. Specifically, the agreement of instantaneous SM with a variety of LST-derived parameters is analyzed to better understand the fundamental link of the SM–LST relationship through ET and thermal inertia. Ground-based SM and LST measurements from the REMEDHUS network are compared to SMOS SM and MODIS LST spaceborne observations. ET is obtained from the HidroMORE regional hydrological model. At the daily scale, a strong anticorrelation is observed between in situ SM and maximum LST (R ˜ -0.6 to -0.8), and between SMOS SM and MODIS LST Terra/Aqua day (R ˜ - 0.7). At the seasonal scale, results show a stronger anticorrelation in autumn, spring and summer (in situ R ˜ -0.5 to -0.7; satellite R ˜ -0.4 to -0.7) indicating SM–LST coupling, than in winter (in situ R ˜ +0.3; satellite R ˜ -0.3) indicating SM–LST decoupling. These different behaviors evidence changes from water-limited to energy-limited moisture flux across seasons, which are confirmed by the observed ET evolution. In water-limited periods, SM is extracted from the soil through ET until critical SM is reached. A method to estimate the soil critical SM is proposed. For REMEDHUS, the critical SM is estimated to be ~0.12 m3/m3 , stable over the study period and consistent between in situ and satellite observations. A better understanding of the SM–LST link could not only help improving the representation of LST in current hydrological and climate prediction models, but also refining SM retrieval or microwave-optical disaggregation algorithms, related to ET and vegetation status.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Adenocarcinoma de Colón. Correlación de las características inmuno-histo-patológicomoleculares. La respuesta al tratamiento y la supervivencia.

246 p.El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es en la actualidad una de las neoplasias malignas más prevalentes,constituyendo una de las principales causas de mortalidad por cáncer en países desarrollados. En Euskadi es el tumor de mayor incidencia en ambos sexos.Pese a que los factores de riesgo para el CCR han sido ampliamente estudiados y definidos, no se ha determinado con claridad el motivo por el cuál existen diferente probabilidad de supervivencia en pacientes con el mismo diagnóstico y tratamiento.El pronóstico de los pacientes con cáncer colorrectal resecable se basa actualmente en los criterios histopatológicos de invasión tumoral de acuerdo con el sistema de clasificación TNM del American JointCommittee on Cancer (AJCC) y de la Unión Internacional para el Control del Cáncer (UICC) y en lascaracterísticas de la diferenciación de células tumorales. Este sistema proporciona información pronóstica útil pero incompleta ya que el resultado clínico puede variar sustancialmente entre los pacientes dentro dela misma etapa de tumor histológico.Por otro lado, cada vez se solicitan diagnósticos más precisos, que además de las características histomorfológicas, también incluyan información genética de los tumores que permitan aplicar tratamientos personalizados.Por esta razón, surgió nuestro interés en analizar tanto los factores clínico-demográficos de cada paciente como las características histopatológicas y moleculares de cada tumor con el objetivo de encontrar una combinación de parámetros capaz de explicar las diferentes respuestas al tratamiento de acuerdo a los objetivos de la medicina individualizada

Influence of the synthesis method on the catalytic activity of mayenite for the oxidation of gas-phase trichloroethylene

[EN] Catalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in heterogeneous phase (gas-solid) is an effective strategy for the conversion of this pollutant in less harmful compounds, namely CO2, CO and HCl. In this work, we have studied the use of mayenite, a cost-effective material, as an active catalyst for the TCE conversion. In particular, we have assessed the influence of the mayenite synthesis method (hydrothermal, sol-gel and ceramic) on the reaction performance. The materials have been characterized by different techniques, such as XRD, N-2-sorption (BET), TPR, Raman spectroscopy, FESEM-EDX and TEM. The analysis of the light-off curves and product distribution, has shown that the use of the hydrothermal method for the mayenite synthesis results in the most active and selective catalyst. This has been related with a higher surface area and with a higher concentration of oxygen anions in the mayenite prepared by this method. It has been found that the presence of water in the stream do not influence the catalytic performance of the material. A mechanism for the reaction and for the partial deactivation of the catalyst has been proposed.This work was supported by the grants ORSA167988 and ORSA174250 funded by the University of Salerno. AI gratefully acknowledges the Erasmus+ traineeship program. AEP and JMT thanks the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional through MAT2015-71842-P and CTQ2015-68951-C3-1-R (MINECO/FEDER)Intiso, A.; Martínez-Triguero, J.; Cucciniello, R.; Rossi, F.; Palomares Gimeno, AE. (2019). Influence of the synthesis method on the catalytic activity of mayenite for the oxidation of gas-phase trichloroethylene. Scientific Reports. 9:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36708-2S199Greene, H. L., Prakash, D. S. & Athota, K. V. Combined sorbent/catalyst media for destruction of halogenated VOCs. Appl. Catal. 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Use of Zea mays L. in phytoremediation of trichloroethylene. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24, 11053–11060 (2017).Costanza, J., Mulholland, J. & Pennell, K. Effects of Thermal Treatments on the Chemical Reactivity of Trichloroethylene (2007).Aranzabal, A. et al. State of the art in catalytic oxidation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds. Chem. Pap. 68, 1169–1186 (2014).Blanch-Raga, N. et al. Catalytic abatement of trichloroethylene over Mo and/or W-based bronzes. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 130, 36–43 (2013).Blanch-Raga, N., Palomares, A. E., Martínez-Triguero, J., Fetter, G. & Bosch, P. Cu mixed oxides based on hydrotalcite-like compounds for the oxidation of trichloroethylene. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52, 15772–15779 (2013).Romero-Sáez, M., Divakar, D., Aranzabal, A., González-Velasco, J. R. & González-Marcos, J. A. Catalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene over Fe-ZSM-5: Influence of the preparation method on the iron species and the catalytic behavior. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 180, 210–218 (2016).López-Fonseca, R., Gutiérrez-Ortiz, J. I. & González-Velasco, J. R. Catalytic combustion of chlorinated hydrocarbons over H-BETA and PdO/H-BETA zeolite catalysts. Appl. Catal. Gen. 271, 39–46 (2004).Aranzabal, A., Romero-Sáez, M., Elizundia, U., González-Velasco, J. R. & González-Marcos, J. A. Deactivation of H-zeolites during catalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene. J. Catal. 296, 165–174 (2012).Divakar, D. et al. Catalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene over Fe-zeolites. Catal. Today 176, 357–360 (2011).Blanch-Raga, N., Palomares, A. E., Martínez-Triguero, J. & Valencia, S. Cu and Co modified beta zeolite catalysts for the trichloroethylene oxidation. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 187, 90–97 (2016).Solsona, B. et al. Total Oxidation of Propane Using CeO2 and CuO-CeO2 Catalysts Prepared Using Templates of Different Nature. Catalysts 7, 96 (2017).Cucciniello, R. et al. Total oxidation of trichloroethylene over mayenite (Ca12Al14O33) catalyst. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 204, 167–172 (2017).Intiso, A., Cucciniello, R., Castiglione, S., Proto, A. & Rossi, F. Environmental Application of Extra-Framework Oxygen Anions in the Nano-Cages of Mayenite. In Advances in Bionanomaterials 131–139, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62027-5_12 (Springer, Cham, 2018).Yang, S. et al. Formation and Desorption of Oxygen Species in Nanoporous Crystal 12CaO·7Al2O3. Chem. Mater. 16, 104–110 (2004).Lacerda, M., Irvine, J. T. S., Glasser, F. P. & West, A. R. High oxide ion conductivity in Ca12Al14O33. Nature 332, 525–526 (1988).Teusner, M., De Souza, R. A., Krause, H., Ebbinghaus, S. G. & Martin, M. Oxygen transport in undoped and doped mayenite. Solid State Ion. 284, 25–27 (2016).Li, C., Hirabayashi, D. & Suzuki, K. A crucial role of O2- and O22- on mayenite structure for biomass tar steam reforming over Ni/Ca12Al14O33. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 88, 351–360 (2009).Li, C., Hirabayashi, D. & Suzuki, K. Synthesis of higher surface area mayenite by hydrothermal method. Mater. Res. Bull. 46, 1307–1310 (2011).Ude, S. N. et al. High temperature X-ray studies of mayenite synthesized using the citrate sol–gel method. Ceram. Int. 40, 1117–1123 (2014).Blanch-Raga, N. et al. The oxidation of trichloroethylene over different mixed oxides derived from hydrotalcites. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 160, 129–134 (2014).Monshi, A., Foroughi, M. R. & Monshi, M. R. Modified Scherrer Equation to Estimate More Accurately Nano-Crystallite Size Using XRD. World J. Nano Sci. Eng. 02, 154 (2012).Ruszak, M., Witkowski, S. & Sojka, Z. EPR and Raman investigations into anionic redox chemistry of nanoporous 12CaO·7Al2O3 interacting with O2, H2 and N2O. Res. Chem. Intermed. 33, 689–703 (2007).Cucciniello, R., Proto, A., Rossi, F. & Motta, O. Mayenite based supports for atmospheric NOx sampling. Atmos. Environ. 79, 666–671 (2013).Teusner, M. et al. Oxygen Diffusion in Mayenite. J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 9721–9727 (2015).Schmidt, A. et al. Chlorine ion mobility in Cl-mayenite (Ca12Al14O32Cl2): An investigation combining high-temperature neutron powder diffraction, impedance spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations. Solid State Ion. 254, 48–58 (2014).Środek, D., Dulski, M. & Galuskina, I. Raman imaging as a new approach to identification of the mayenite group minerals. Sci. Rep. 8, 13593 (2018).Galuskin, E. V. et al. Mayenite supergroup, part I: Recommended nomenclature. Eur. J. Mineral. 27, 99–111 (2015).Li, J. et al. Chlorine-Tolerant Ruthenium Catalyst Derived Using the Unique Anion-Exchange Properties of 12 CaO⋅7 Al2O3 for Ammonia Synthesis. Chem Cat Chem 9, 3078–3083 (2017)

Impact of day/night time land surface temperature in soil moisture disaggregation algorithms

18 pages, 5 figures, 1 tableSince its launch in 2009, the ESA’s SMOS mission is providing global soil moisture (SM) maps at ~40 km, using the first L-band microwave radiometer on space. Its spatial resolution meets the needs of global applications, but prevents the use of the data in regional or local applications, which require higher spatial resolutions (~1-10 km). SM disaggregation algorithms based generally on the land surface temperature (LST) and vegetation indices have been developed to bridge this gap. This study analyzes the SM-LST relationship at a variety of LST acquisition times and its influence on SM disaggregation algorithms. Two years of in situ and satellite data over the central part of the river Duero basin and the Iberian Peninsula are used. In situ results show a strong anticorrelation of SM to daily maximum LST (R≈0.5 to -0.8). This is confirmed with SMOS SM and MODIS LST Terra/Aqua at day time-overpasses (R≈-0.4 to -0.7). Better statistics are obtained when using MODIS LST day (R≈0.55 to 0.85; ubRMSD≈0.04 to 0.06 m/m) than LST night (R≈0.45 to 0.80; ubRMSD≈0.04 to 0.07 m/m) in the SM disaggregation. An averaged ensemble of day and night MODIS LST Terra/Aqua disaggregated SM estimates also leads to robust statistics (R≈0.55 to 0.85; ubRMSD≈0.04 to 0.07 m/m) with a coverage improvement of~10-20 %This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through a Formación Personal Investigador (FPI) grant BES-2011-043322, the project PROMISES: ESP2015-67549-C3, ERDF (European Regional Development Fund) and the BBVA foundationPeer Reviewe

Citotoxicidad del glifosato en células mononucleares de sangre periférica humana

Introduction. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum, non-selective herbicide and commonly used to eliminate weeds in agricultural and forest settings. Studies evaluating glyphosate toxicity in animals and environment show that commercial formulations of glyphosate are more toxic than the active component itself.Objectives. Technical grade glyphosate was compared with the commercial formulation Roundup® in their respective toxicities on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Materials and methods. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were exposed to different concentrations of glyphosate, either technical grade or in the form of Roundup for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h. Cytotoxicity was assayed by trypan blue dye exclusion method and reduction of (2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2Htetrazolium-5-carboxyanilide inner salt) XTT reagent.Results. Both technical grade glyphosate and Roundup® formulation were toxic to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cytotoxicity of Roundup® was higher than cytotoxicity of glyphosate, since the LC50 (50% lethal concentration) determined by the trypan blue exclusio nmethod at 24 h was the equivalent of 56.4 μg/ml of glyphosate in the form of Roundup® and 1,640 μg/ml (1.64 mg/ml) for technical grade glyphosate.Conclusions. This in vitro study confirmed the toxic effects on human cells by glyphosate and its commercial preparations. Commercial formulations were more cytotoxic than the active component alone, supporting the concept that additives in commercial formulations play a role in the toxicity attributed to glyphosate-based herbicides.Introducción. El glifosato es un herbicida de amplio espectro, no selectivo, utilizado comúnmente en agricultura para eliminar malezas. Los estudios que han evaluado la toxicidad del glifosato en animales y en ambiente muestran que las formulaciones comerciales son más tóxicas que el componente activo

A Novel Synthetic Route to Prepare High Surface Area Mayenite Catalyst for TCE Oxidation

[EN] Mayenite (Ca12Al14O33) was synthesized by a novel route based on the use of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a soft templating agent. The material was tested for the total oxidation of trichloroethylene in the gas phase and the catalytic performance was analysed when using different initial amounts of PMMA in the catalyst synthesis. The results were compared with those obtained with a mayenite synthetized by a classical hydrothermal method. The highest activity in terms of TCE conversion was achieved in the presence of mayenite prepared using 10% w/w of PMMA; its activity was also higher than that of the hydrothermal mayenite. The surface area and the number of superoxide anions (O-2(-)) seem to be the main properties determining the catalytic activity of the material.This research was funded by University of Salerno, grant number ORSA167988 and ORSA174250.Intiso, A.; Martínez-Triguero, J.; Cucciniello, R.; Proto, A.; Palomares Gimeno, AE.; Rossi, F. (2019). A Novel Synthetic Route to Prepare High Surface Area Mayenite Catalyst for TCE Oxidation. Catalysts. 9(1):1-8. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal9010027S1891Yang, S., Kondo, J. N., Hayashi, K., Hirano, M., Domen, K., & Hosono, H. (2004). Formation and Desorption of Oxygen Species in Nanoporous Crystal 12CaO·7Al2O3. Chemistry of Materials, 16(1), 104-110. doi:10.1021/cm034755rCucciniello, R., Intiso, A., Castiglione, S., Genga, A., Proto, A., & Rossi, F. (2017). Total oxidation of trichloroethylene over mayenite (Ca12Al14O33) catalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 204, 167-172. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.11.03

Land abandonment as driver of woody vegetation dynamics in Tamaulipan thornscrub at Northeastern Mexico

Background: Vegetation structure is defined as the temporal and spatial distribution of plant species in a particular site. Vegetation structure includes vertical and horizontal distribution and has been widely used as an indicator of successional changes. Ecological succession plays an essential role in the determination of the mechanisms that structure plant communities under anthropogenic disturbances. After an anthropogenic disturbance, such as grazing, forests follow changes in the original composition and vegetation structure, which eventually could restore some of their attributes to become mature forests again. To know how the time of abandonment affects woody plant communities, we ask the following questions: (1) How does the species richness, diversity, and vertical structure (A index) change concerning the time of abandonment? (2) Are species similarities among woody vegetation communities determined by land abandonment? (3) Which woody species have the highest ecological importance in each successional stage? Methods: We explored how successional stages after land abandonment mediated the species richness, species diversity (alpha and beta), and ecological importance value index on four areas of Tamaulipan thornscrub. We selected four areas that differed in time of abandonment: 10, 20, 30, and >30 years. The first three areas were used for cattle grazing, whereas the >30-year area was selected as a control since it does not have a record of disturbance by cattle grazing or agriculture. During the summer of 2012, we randomly established four square plots (40 m × 40 m) in each area, separated at least 200 m from each other. In each plot, we recorded all woody individuals per species with a basal diameter ≥1 cm at 10 cm above ground level. We estimated species richness indices, species diversity (alpha and beta), and ecological importance value index. Results: We recorded 27 woody species belonging to 23 genera and 15 families. Fabaceae accounted for 40% of the species. Acacia farnesiana was the most important and abundant species in the first three successional stages. We suggested that older successional stages of Tamaulipan thornscrub promote woody plant communities, characterized by a higher complex structure than younger communities. We observed the highest species similarity between the sites with a closer time of abandonment, while the lowest similarity was shown between the sites with extreme time of abandonment. We conclude that Tamaulipan thornscrub shows a similar trend of ecological succession to other dry forests and the time of abandonment has a high mediation on plant dynamics in the Tamaulipan thornscrub. Also, we stand out the importance of secondary forests for Tamaulipan thornscrub woody plant communities. Finally, we recommended future studies include aspects of regeneration speed, the proximity of mature vegetation, and the interactions of plants with their seed dispersers.Eduardo Alanis aquired funding from Programa de Mejoramiento al Profesorado (PROMEP/103.5/12/3585). Cristian A. Martínez-Adriano was granted from a CONACYT national postdoctoral fellowship (grants 710775 and 740202)

Correlated triple collocation to estimate SMOS, SMAP and ERA5-Land soil moisture errors

The novel Correlated Triple Collocation (CTC) analysis allows to assess three different data sources of similar spatial resolutions, but with two of them being correlated. In this study, the CTC was applied to estimate the unbiased random errors of the global soil moisture (SM) data provided by two L-band satellite missions -the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP)- and one numerical model -the ERA5-Land. The three existing SMOS SM products distributed by different research institutions were also analyzed. Preliminary results revealed that errors of SMOS and SMAP SM are correlated, with correlations of ~0.5-0.6. Thus, only ERA5-Land can be considered as independent. The lowest error was obtained for SMAP (0.025 m3m-3), followed by ERA5-Land (0.036 m3m-3). Among the SMOS SM, SMOS-IC had the lowest error (0.046 m3m-3), SMOS-BEC showed an intermediate value (0.048 m3m-3), and SMOS-CATDS had the highest error (0.055 m3m-3). © 2021 IEEE.This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the projects ESP2017-89463-C3-1R and ESP2017-89463-C3-2R, the ICM-CSIC Severo Ochoa Excellence Award CEX2019-000928-S, the CommSensLab-UPC María de Maeztu Excellence Award MDM-2016-0600, and the CSIC Interdisciplinary Thematic Platform TELEDETECT.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Análisis Toxicogenómico de Potenciales Alteraciones en la Expresión Genética en Linfocitos Humanos Expuestos a Glifosato: Implicaciones en el Desarrollo de Linfoma No Hodgkin

RESUMENDiversos estudios han encontrado una relación entre la exposición a glifosato y el desarrollo de Linfoma No Hodgkin, no obstante, las bases moleculares que soporten dicha asociación no se han logrado establecer. Este estudio pretende clarificar la posible existencia de dichas bases moleculares. Las células mononucleares de sangre periférica procedentes de individuos sanos se expusieron a diversas concentraciones de glifosato puro y del producto comercial Roundup, con el fin de evaluar el efecto citotóxico de estos dos agentes usando ensayos con el reactivo XTT y el método de exclusión con azul de tripano. Los resultados preliminares muestran que ambos productos exhibieron un efecto citotóxico el cual fue significativamente mayor en las células tratadas con Roundup. Palabras clave: Glifosato, Roundup, Citotoxicidad, Linfoma No Hodgkin ABSTRACT Various studies have encountered a relation between exposition to glyphosfate and the development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; however the molecular basis of this association is unclear. In this paper we study these molecular bases to clarify them. The mononuclear cell circulating in the bloodstream of the health individuals were exposure to different concentrations of pure glyphosfate and Roundup to evaluate the citotoxic effect of these two agents using assays with XXT-reactive and the method of exclusion with trypan blue. The preliminal result shown both products had a citotoxic effect on lymphocytes but was higher with Roundup.  Key words: Glyphosfate, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Roundup, citotoxicit