Detecting local adaptation in widespread grassland species - the importance of scale and local plant community

1. Adaptation of plant populations to local environments has been shown in many species but local adaptation is not always apparent and spatial scales of differentiation are not well known. In a reciprocal transplant experiment we tested whether: (i) three widespread grassland species are locally adapted at a European scale; (ii) detection of local adaptation depends on competition with the local plant community; and (iii) local differentiation between neighbouring populations from contrasting habitats can be stronger than differentiation at a European scale. 2. Seeds of Holcus lanatus, Lotus corniculatus and Plantago lanceolata from a Swiss, Czech and UK population were sown in a reciprocal transplant experiment at fields that exhibit environmental conditions similar to the source sites. Seedling emergence, survival, growth and reproduction were recorded for two consecutive years. 3. The effect of competition was tested by comparing individuals in weeded monocultures with plants sown together with species from the local grassland community. To compare large-scale vs. small-scale differentiation, a neighbouring population from a contrasting habitat (wet-dry contrast) was compared with the ‘home’ and ‘foreign’ populations. 4. In P. lanceolata and H. lanatus, a significant home-site advantage was detected in fitness-related traits, thus indicating local adaptation. In L. corniculatus, an overall superiority of one provenance was found. 5. The detection of local adaptation depended on competition with the local plant community. In the absence of competition the home-site advantage was underestimated in P. lanceolata and overestimated in H. lanatus. 6. A significant population differentiation between contrasting local habitats was found. In some traits, this small-scale was greater than large-scale differentiation between countries. 7. Our results indicate that local adaptation in real plant communities cannot necessarily be predicted from plants grown in weeded monocultures and that tests on the relationship between fitness and geographical distance have to account for habitat-dependent small-scale differentiation. Considering the strong small-scale differentiation, a local provenance from a different habitat may not be the best choice in ecological restoration if distant populations from a more similar habitat are available

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The effects of vocabulary learning strategies instruction on learning vocabulary and strategy use

Doktora Tezi. YÖK Tez Merkezi No: 347488Bu araştırmanın ilk amacı kelime öğrenme stratejileri öğretiminin başarıya, kalıcılığa ve strateji kullanmaya etkisini incelemektir. Bu kapsamda çalışma yarı deneme modellerinden öntest-sontest eşleştirilmiş kontrol gruplu desene göre gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın bir diğer amacı ise öğrencilerin uygulanan kelime öğrenme stratejileri öğretimini ve kullandıkları stratejileri nasıl değerlendirdiklerini incelemektir. Bu amaçla nitel araştırma desenlerinden durum çalışması ile gerçekleştirilen çalışmada veri toplama yöntemi olarak görüşme kullanılmıştır. Araştırma 2012-2013 öğretim yılında Selçuk Üniversitesi Yabancı Diller Yüksek Okulunda öğrenimine devam eden İngilizce hazırlık sınıfı öğrencileri üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deney grubunda 21, kontrol grubunda 21 öğrenci olmak üzere toplam 42 öğrenci çalışma grubunda yer almıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Başlangıç Düzey Kelime Başarı Testi, Alt-orta Düzey Kelime Başarı Testi, Kelime Öğrenme Stratejileri Anketi ve Standartlaştırılmış Açık Uçlu Görüşme Formu kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada araştırmacı tarafından deney grubundaki öğrencilere doğrudan öğretim yaklaşımıyla 10 hafta boyunca kelime öğrenme stratejileri öğretimi uygulanmıştır. Araştırma bulgularından elde edilen sonuçlar aşağıdaki gibi özetlenebilir. 1. Uygulanan kelime öğrenme stratejileri öğretimi başlangıç (elementary) uzmanlık düzeyinde başarıyı ve kalıcılığı arttırmıştır. 2. Uygulanan kelime öğrenme stratejileri öğretimi alt-orta (pre-intermediate) uzmanlık düzeyinde başarıyı ve kalıcılığı arttırmıştır. 3. Uygulanan kelime öğrenme stratejileri öğretimi öğrencilerin strateji kullanma düzeyini arttırmıştır. 4. Uygulanan kelime öğrenme stratejileri öğretimine yönelik olarak deney grubundaki öğrencilerin görüşleriyle yaptığı değerlendirmelere göre: a) Öğrenciler birden fazla faktöre bağlı olarak kelime öğrenme sürecinde farklı stratejiler kullanmaktadır. b) Strateji öğretimi sonucunda öğrenip kullandıkları bu stratejiler öğrencilere kelime öğrenme sürecinde birden fazla katkı sağlamaktadır. c) Öğrencilerin uygulanan strateji öğretiminin mevcut halinin gelecekte yapılacak strateji öğretiminde geneliyle korunmasına yönelik olumlu görüşleri ve bu kapsamda dikkate alınabilecek bazı önerileri bulunmaktadır.The first aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vocabulary learning strategies instruction on vocabulary achievement, retention and strategy use. Accordingly, the matching-only pre-test post-test control group design, one of the quasi-experimental models, was adopted in the research. The other aim of the study was to examine how students evaluated the vocabulary learning strategies instruction and their strategy use. Therefore, an interview was used for data collection in the study which was designed as a case study, one of the qualitative research models. The study was carried out on the preparatory class students learning English at Selçuk University School of Foreign Languages in 2012-2013 academic year. Forty-two students participated in the study, 21 in the experimental group and 21 in the control group. In the study, data collection tools included a Personal Data Form, Elementary Level Vocabulary Achievement Test, Pre-intermediate Level Vocabulary Achievement Test, Vocabulary Learning Strategies Questionnaire and Standardized Open-ended Interview Form. In the study, the students in the experimental group were given vocabulary learning strategies instruction by the researcher through a direct instruction approach for ten weeks. The findings of the study can be summarised as follows: 1. The vocabulary learning strategies instruction increased vocabulary achievement and retention of the students at elementary level. 2. The vocabulary learning strategies instruction increased vocabulary achievement and retention of the students at pre-intermediate level. 3. The vocabulary learning strategies instruction increased strategy use of the students. 4. According to the evaluations done by the students in the experimental group regarding vocabulary learning strategies instruction and strategy use, it was found out that: a) The students preferred using different strategies depending on several factors in the vocabulary learning process. b) The strategies that the students learned and used through the strategy instruction provided them several benefits in the vocabulary learning process. c) The students had positive opinions on the current structure of the strategy instruction implemented in the study and some suggestions to be considered for future strategy instruction

Appendix A. Constrained redundancy analysis (RDA) biplot of nematode taxa and sites for Holcus lanatus and Lotus corniculatus soils.

Constrained redundancy analysis (RDA) biplot of nematode taxa and sites for Holcus lanatus and Lotus corniculatus soils

Appendix B. Climate (precipitation and temperature) during the experiment.

Climate (precipitation and temperature) during the experiment

Appendix C. Table of least-square means of plant performance traits of Holcus lanatus and Lotus corniculatus in the different climates and soils.

Table of least-square means of plant performance traits of Holcus lanatus and Lotus corniculatus in the different climates and soils