162 research outputs found

    Modélisation de la végétation holocÚne du Nord-Ouest de la France (reconstruction de la chronologie et de l'évolution du couvert végétal du Bassin parisien et du Massif armoricain)

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    Comprendre la complexitĂ© des relations entre nature et sociĂ©tĂ©s a toujours constituĂ© un dĂ©fi pour les recherches dans le domaine de l'environnement. A l'Ăšre de la compilation de donnĂ©es dans de nombreuses disciplines, la modĂ©lisation constitue l'une des options les plus attractives pour comprendre et traduire les Ă©volutions du milieu naturel. Les objectifs principaux de ce travail de recherche sont 1) de restituer la structure du couvert vĂ©gĂ©tal rĂ©gional et d'en retracer les Ă©volutions au cours de l'HolocĂšne au sein de deux rĂ©gions du nord-ouest de la France, le Bassin parisien et le Massif armoricain, et 2) de les interprĂ©ter en termes de relations entre les sociĂ©tĂ©s prĂ©- et protohistoriques et leur milieu naturel. Pour cela, nous avons mis en place une dĂ©marche mĂ©thodologique visant Ă  1) redĂ©finir le cadre chronologique des sĂ©quences polliniques rassemblĂ©es pour les deux rĂ©gions, 2) tester, adapter puis appliquer un modĂšle de reconstitution quantitative du couvert vĂ©gĂ©tal, 3) dĂ©finir une histoire de la vĂ©gĂ©tation estimĂ©e relative Ă  chaque aire gĂ©ographique modĂ©lisĂ©e, 4) comparer ces histoires rĂ©gionales et 5) les confronter aux informations disponibles en matiĂšre de densitĂ©s de sites archĂ©ologiques et de proximitĂ© de ces sites aux points de sondages polliniques. Des cadres structurant l'Ă©volution du couvert vĂ©gĂ©tal pour chacune des deux rĂ©gions Ă©tudiĂ©es ressortent les grandes Ă©tapes de la mise en place des paysages au cours de l'HolocĂšne. Des spĂ©cificitĂ©s rĂ©gionales ont cependant pu ĂȘtre identifiĂ©es, tant en matiĂšre de chronologie de l'Ă©volution de la vĂ©gĂ©tation estimĂ©e qu'en matiĂšre de proportions relatives des taxons prĂ©sents. Une certaine singularitĂ© doit donc ĂȘtre reconnue Ă  l'Ă©volution des paysages holocĂšnes de chacune de ces deux parties du nord-ouest de la France. On remarque notamment des dynamiques et des niveaux d'anthropisation tout Ă  fait distincts entre Bassin parisien et Massif armoricain de la fin du MĂ©solithique Ă  celle du NĂ©olithique. A l'inverse, on retrouve de part et d'autre une certaine similaritĂ© entre les proportions estimĂ©es des taxons marqueurs d'anthropisation entre la fin du NĂ©olithique et celle de l'Ăąge du Bronze. Des liens Ă©vidents entre les variations de l'impact anthropique enregistrĂ© et celles de la densitĂ© des occupations reconnues ont par ailleurs pu ĂȘtre observĂ©s.Understanding the complex relationship between nature and societies has always been a challenge for environmental sciences. With the growing impact of databases in many disciplines, the modelling appears as one of the most attractive methods for understanding and describing environmental changes. The main objectives of this research work are 1) to reconstruct the structure of the regional vegetation cover and to determine its trends during the Holocene in two regions of north-western France, the Paris Basin and the Armorican Massif, and 2) to interpret them in terms of relationships between the pre- and proto-historic societies and their environment. Thus, we set up a methodological approach aimed at 1) redefining the chronological framework of pollen sequences collected for both regions, 2) testing, adapting and then applying a model in order to produce quantitative estimates of vegetation cover, 3) defining a history of the estimated vegetation for each area modelled, 4) comparing these regional results and 5) confronting them to the available informations in terms of densities of archaeological sites and proximity of these sites to the pollen samples locations. From the general framework structuring the vegetation cover changes for both study areas stand out the major steps of the development of natural landscapes during the Holocene. Nevertheless, regional distinctive features were identified; both in terms of chronology of the vegetation cover changes, than in terms of relative proportions of taxa in the vegetation estimates. Some singularity must be recognized in the Holocene landscape evolution for each of these two parts of north-western France. We noticed distinct rates and rhythms, concerning the anthropogenic impact on the Paris Basin and the Armorican Massif estimated vegetation covers, from the late Mesolithic to the late Neolithic. On the other hand, we found similarities between both areas concerning the estimated proportions for anthropogenic markers taxa between the late Neolithic and the late Bronze Age. Clear links between changes observed in human impact on the vegetation cover estimates and those recorded in the density of archaeological sites were also noticed.RENNES1-Bibl. Ă©lectronique (352382106) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Noirmoutier-en-l’Île – Bois de la Chaize

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    En 1933, E. Bocquier avait signalĂ© l’existence d’une industrie lithique prĂ©historique au Bois de la Chaize ; particuliĂšrement au sud de la Pointe Saint-Pierre, il avait dĂ©crit une succession de niveaux de graviers et sables dans lesquels il mentionnait la dĂ©couverte d’un biface. Or cette partie de l’üle, faisant face au continent, est l’objet d’une occupation estivale trĂšs dense, et les coupes de terrain se trouvent sous la menace conjuguĂ©e de la prolifĂ©ration des cabines de bain et de l’étab..

    Le plateau littoral du Bas-Léon (nord FinistÚre, Bretagne) au Ier millénaire avant notre Úre : perspectives pour une lecture croisée sur les dynamiques du peuplement et du paysage

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    Les auteurs procĂšdent ici au rĂ©examen des donnĂ©es concernant les peuplements et les paysages du littoral du Bas-LĂ©on (FinistĂšre), au cours du Ier millĂ©naire avant notre Ăšre. L’analyse des abondants rĂ©sultats issus d’approches multidisciplinaires permet de dĂ©gager des indicateurs d’évolutions sociales et environnementales, suggĂ©rant la mise en Ă©vidence de deux phases nettement diffĂ©renciĂ©es au cours de la pĂ©riode. Cette prĂ©sentation conduit Ă  esquisser un schĂ©ma d’évolution chronologique, spatiale et culturelle des peuplements et des paysages ; au-delĂ  de certaines limites, cette synthĂšse permet de proposer un nouvel Ă©clairage sur des dynamiques et des processus encore peu abordĂ©s jusqu’ici dans la rĂ©gion et susceptibles d’ĂȘtre approfondis Ă  travers de nouvelles dĂ©marches gĂ©oarchĂ©ologiques.The authors provide here the review of data on the ancient populations and the coastal landscape of Bas-LĂ©on (FinistĂšre), during the 1st millennium BC. The analysis of the abundant results from multidisciplinary approaches can provide indicators of environmental and social developments, suggesting the identification of two clearly distinct phases during the period. This presentation leads to sketch an outline of the chronological, spatial and cultural evolution considering populations and landscapes; beyond certain limits, this synthesis allows proposing a new light on the dynamics and processes still little addressed so far in the region and which could be deepened through new geoarchaeological approaches

    Les habitats carolingiens de Montours et La Chapelle-Saint-Aubert (Ille-et-Vilaine)

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    Quatre sites ruraux du haut Moyen Âge ont Ă©tĂ© fouillĂ©s dans la rĂ©gion de FougĂšres lors des opĂ©rations d’archĂ©ologie prĂ©ventive conduites de 1995 Ă  1997 sur le tracĂ© de l’autoroute des Estuaires (A84). La contemporanĂ©itĂ© de ces gisements a conduit, d’emblĂ©e, Ă  harmoniser les problĂ©matiques et Ă  accorder une part importante Ă  l’approche palĂ©oenvironnementale ainsi qu’à l’analyse du mobilier cĂ©ramique. L’étude des trois ensembles d’habitats et d’un guĂ© carolingiens laisse entrevoir une gestion organisĂ©e et dynamique des terroirs environnants (parcellaire, rĂ©seaux fossoyĂ©s, chemins, amĂ©nagement d’un fond de vallon tourbeux...) qui ont Ă©tĂ© structurĂ©s et exploitĂ©s entre le XIIe et le Xe s. ParallĂšlement Ă  la contribution que cette synthĂšse apporte Ă  la connaissance de l’habitat et du mode de vie dans les campagnes bretonnes au haut Moyen Âge, domaine encore peu abordĂ© par l’archĂ©ologie, les donnĂ©es bioarchĂ©ologiques prĂ©cisent l’impact des activitĂ©s agro-pastorales sur l’évolution du milieu vĂ©gĂ©tal et du paysage.From 1995 to 1997, four early medieval sites were excavated in the FougĂšres region as part of archaeological research work carried out prior to the construction of the A84 motarway. As the sites all date from the same period, a comprehensive research plan was implemented from the outset, with special emphasis on paleo-environmental analysis and examination of pottery finds. Examination of the three Carolingian settlement sites, as well as a ford from the same period, reveals an organised, interactive approach to environmental management of the surrounding lands (land division, ditch Systems. tracks, development of a peatcovered valley floor), which were developed and systematically exploited from the 7th to 10th century. The present volume provides a significant contribution to our understanding of early medieval rural settlements in Brittany, an area of study which has hitherto received little attention from archaeologists The research is enhanced by an analysis of bio-archaeological data from the sites, showing the impact of agro-pastoral activities on the landscape and vegetation in nearby areas

    European pollen-based REVEALS land-cover reconstructions for the Holocene: methodology, mapping and potentials

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    Abstract. Quantitative reconstructions of past land cover are necessary to determine the processes involved in climate–human–land-cover interactions. We present the first temporally continuous and most spatially extensive pollen-based land-cover reconstruction for Europe over the Holocene (last 11 700 cal yr BP). We describe how vegetation cover has been quantified from pollen records at a 1∘ × 1∘ spatial scale using the “Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites” (REVEALS) model. REVEALS calculates estimates of past regional vegetation cover in proportions or percentages. REVEALS has been applied to 1128 pollen records across Europe and part of the eastern Mediterranean–Black Sea–Caspian corridor (30–75∘ N, 25∘ W–50∘ E) to reconstruct the percentage cover of 31 plant taxa assigned to 12 plant functional types (PFTs) and 3 land-cover types (LCTs). A new synthesis of relative pollen productivities (RPPs) for European plant taxa was performed for this reconstruction. It includes multiple RPP values (≄2 values) for 39 taxa and single values for 15 taxa (total of 54 taxa). To illustrate this, we present distribution maps for five taxa (Calluna vulgaris, Cerealia type (t)., Picea abies, deciduous Quercus t. and evergreen Quercus t.) and three land-cover types (open land, OL; evergreen trees, ETs; and summer-green trees, STs) for eight selected time windows. The reliability of the REVEALS reconstructions and issues related to the interpretation of the results in terms of landscape openness and human-induced vegetation change are discussed. This is followed by a review of the current use of this reconstruction and its future potential utility and development. REVEALS data quality are primarily determined by pollen count data (pollen count and sample, pollen identification, and chronology) and site type and number (lake or bog, large or small, one site vs. multiple sites) used for REVEALS analysis (for each grid cell). A large number of sites with high-quality pollen count data will produce more reliable land-cover estimates with lower standard errors compared to a low number of sites with lower-quality pollen count data. The REVEALS data presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.937075 (Fyfe et al., 2022). </jats:p

    Etude palynologique du complexe mégalithique du Petit-Mont (Arzon, Morbihan)

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    The palynogical study of some samples from the Petit-Mont megalithic complex at Arzon shows that as far hack as Middle Neolithic, grubbing and agriculture were widely started.L'étude palynologique de quelques échantillons prélevés sur le complexe mégalithique du Petit-Mont en Arzon, montre que dÚs le Néolithique moyen, le défrichage et la mise en culture étaient largement engagés dans le Golfe du Morbihan.Marguerie Dominique. Etude palynologique du complexe mégalithique du Petit-Mont (Arzon, Morbihan). In: Revue archéologique de l'ouest, tome 4, 1987. pp. 57-61

    Vivent, D., 1998 - Le site de Tours et son environnement : l'approche palynologique

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    Marguerie Dominique. Vivent, D., 1998 - Le site de Tours et son environnement : l'approche palynologique. In: Revue archéologique de l'ouest, tome 16, 1999. p. 254
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