Supervised Learning Based Classification of Cardiovascular Diseases

Detecting cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the early stage is a difficult and crucial process. The objective of this study is to test the capability of machine learning (ML) methods for accurately diagnosing the CVD outcomes. For this study, the efficiency and effectiveness of four well renowned ML classifiers, i.e., support vector machine (SVM), logistics regression (LR), naive Bayes (NB), and decision tree (J48), are measured in terms of precision, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), correctly and incorrectly classified instances, and model building time. These ML classifiers are applied on publically available CVD dataset. In accordance with the measured result, J48 performs better than its competitor classifiers, providing significant assistance to the cardiologists

Cytopenias With Traditional Therapy of Hepatitis C in Pakistani Population

Objective: To find out the frequency of blood cytopenias among the relapsers, non-responders and responders to traditional therapy of Hepatitis C in a tertiary care hospital of Rawalpindi, Pakistan.Study Design:Cross sectional descriptive study.Place and Duration of Study: Hematology and Gastroenterology departments of Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, for a period of one year, from August 2014 to July 2015.Methodology:After six months of treatment with conventional interferons and ribavirin 5mL blood was obtained in EDTA bottles from responders, relapsers and non-responders in laboratory, and was analyzed using Hematology Analyzer sysmex KX-21. The hemoglobin levels, total leukocyte counts and platelet counts were measured. The results were entered into SPSS 16 and the analysis for descriptive statistics was applied for finding out the frequencies.Results: A total of 380 patients were studied, out of which 204 were non-responders, 52 were responders and 121 were relapsers. Ninety eight patients [25.9%] had anemia, 12 [3.2%] had leukopenia and 48 [12.7%] had thrombocytopenia. Among non-responders, 56 [27.5%] had anemia, 7 [3.4%] had leukopoenia and 31 [15.2%] had thrombocytopenia. Among responders, 16 [30.8%] had anemia, 2 [3.8%] had leukopoenia and 4 [7.7%] had thrombocytopenia. Among relapsers, 26 [21.5%] had anemia, 3[2.5%] had leukopoenia and 13 [10.7%] had thrombocytopenia.Conclusions:Anemia is most common among relapsers, non-responders and responders, while leukopenia is least commonly seen.  Thrombocytopoenia occurs more commonly among non-responders and least commonly among responders

Incidence of Development of Hydrocephalus after Excision and Repair of Spina Bifida Aperta in Infants

Objective:  To find out the incidence of hydrocephalus after excision and repair in infants presenting with Spina Bifida Aperta. Materials & Methods:  This prospective cohort study was conducted at the Pediatric Neurosurgery Department, Children Hospital & The Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan, from January 2021 to October 2021. A total of 62 infants of both genders presenting with spina bifida Aperta undergoing repair were included. Data of the patients, i.e., name, age, gender, head circumference, location, and width of the defect, accompanying bladder, limb anomalies, radiological, laboratory findings, and diagnosis (meningocele or meningomyelocele) were noted. Patients were followed postoperatively for 1-month, and the incidence of post-surgery hydrocephalus was noted. Results:  Out of 62 children, 36 (58.1%) were male and 24 (41.9%) female. The mean age was noted to be 138.82 days. Most children, 36 (58.1%), were found to have meningocele. The most frequent local meningocele/meningomyelocele was noted to be lumbosacral, 22 (35.5%). Post-surgery hydrocephalus was noted among 11 (17.1%) cases. No significant association of gender, age, head circumference, defect size, the maximum dimension, diagnosis (meningocele or meningomyelocele), or location was noted with post-surgery hydrocephalus among study cases (p > 0.05). No mortality was reported. Conclusion:  Meningomyelocele and lumbosacral location of the defect were among the prominent factors affecting the incidence of post-surgery hydrocephalus. Keywords:  Spina Bifida Aperta, Meningiocele, Myelomeningocele, hydrocephalus, lumbosacra

Deep learning for molecular thermodynamics

The methods used in chemical engineering are strongly reliant on having a solid grasp of the thermodynamic features of complex systems. It is difficult to define the behavior of ions and molecules in complex systems and to make reliable predictions about the thermodynamic features of complex systems across a wide range. Deep learning (DL), which can provide explanations for intricate interactions that are beyond the scope of traditional mathematical functions, would appear to be an effective solution to this problem. In this brief Perspective, we provide an overview of DL and review several of its possible applications within the realm of chemical engineering. DL approaches to anticipate the molecular thermodynamic characteristics of a broad range of systems based on the data that are already available are also described, with numerous cases serving as illustrations.Web of Science1524art. no. 934

Blockchain and Internet of Things in smart cities and drug supply management: Open issues, opportunities, and future directions

Blockchain-based drug supply management (DSM) requires powerful security and privacy procedures for high-level authentication, interoperability, and medical record sharing. Researchers have shown a surprising interest in Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart cities in recent years. By providing a variety of intelligent applications, such as intelligent transportation, industry 4.0, and smart financing, smart cities (SC) can improve the quality of life for their residents. Blockchain technology (BCT) can allow SC to offer a higher standard of security by keeping track of transactions in an immutable, secure, decentralized, and transparent distributed ledger. The goal of this study is to systematically explore the current state of research surrounding cutting-edge technologies, particularly the deployment of BCT and the IoT in DSM and SC. In this study, the defined keywords “blockchain”, “IoT”, drug supply management”, “healthcare”, and “smart cities” as well as their variations were used to conduct a systematic search of all relevant research articles that were collected from several databases such as Science Direct, JStor, Taylor & Francis, Sage, Emerald insight, IEEE, INFORMS, MDPI, ACM, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The final collection of papers on the use of BCT and IoT in DSM and SC is organized into three categories. The first category contains articles about the development and design of DSM and SC applications that incorporate BCT and IoT, such as new architecture, system designs, frameworks, models, and algorithms. Studies that investigated the use of BCT and IoT in the DSM and SC make up the second category of research. The third category is comprised of review articles regarding the incorporation of BCT and IoT into DSM and SC-based applications. Furthermore, this paper identifies various motives for using BCT and IoT in DSM and SC, as well as open problems and makes recommendations. The current study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by offering a complete review of potential alternatives and finding areas where further research is needed. As a consequence of this, researchers are presented with intriguing potential to further create decentralized DSM and SC apps as a result of a comprehensive discussion of the relevance of BCT and its implementation.© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Deep learning based classification of wrist cracks from X-ray imaging

Wrist cracks are the most common sort of cracks with an excessive occurrence rate. For the routine detection of wrist cracks, conventional radiography (X-ray medical imaging) is used but periodically issues are presented by crack depiction. Wrist cracks often appear in the human arbitrary bone due to accidental injuries such as slipping. Indeed, many hospitals lack experienced clinicians to diagnose wrist cracks. Therefore, an automated system is required to reduce the burden on clinicians and identify cracks. In this study, we have designed a novel residual network-based convolutional neural network (CNN) for the crack detection of the wrist. For the classification of wrist cracks medical imaging, the diagnostics accuracy of the RN-21CNN model is compared with four well-known transfer learning (TL) models such as Inception V3, Vgg16, ResNet-50, and Vgg19, to assist the medical imaging technologist in identifying the cracks that occur due to wrist fractures. The RN-21CNN model achieved an accuracy of 0.97 which is much better than its competitor`s approaches. The results reveal that implementing a correct generalization that a computer-aided recognition system precisely designed for the assistance of clinician would limit the number of incorrect diagnoses and also saves a lot of time

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe

Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection

Background End colostomy rates following colorectal resection vary across institutions in high-income settings, being influenced by patient, disease, surgeon and system factors. This study aimed to assess global variation in end colostomy rates after left-sided colorectal resection. Methods This study comprised an analysis of GlobalSurg-1 and -2 international, prospective, observational cohort studies (2014, 2016), including consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or emergency left-sided colorectal resection within discrete 2-week windows. Countries were grouped into high-, middle- and low-income tertiles according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Factors associated with colostomy formation versus primary anastomosis were explored using a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model. Results In total, 1635 patients from 242 hospitals in 57 countries undergoing left-sided colorectal resection were included: 113 (6·9 per cent) from low-HDI, 254 (15·5 per cent) from middle-HDI and 1268 (77·6 per cent) from high-HDI countries. There was a higher proportion of patients with perforated disease (57·5, 40·9 and 35·4 per cent; P < 0·001) and subsequent use of end colostomy (52·2, 24·8 and 18·9 per cent; P < 0·001) in low- compared with middle- and high-HDI settings. The association with colostomy use in low-HDI settings persisted (odds ratio (OR) 3·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·35 to 7·57; P = 0·008) after risk adjustment for malignant disease (OR 2·34, 1·65 to 3·32; P < 0·001), emergency surgery (OR 4·08, 2·73 to 6·10; P < 0·001), time to operation at least 48 h (OR 1·99, 1·28 to 3·09; P = 0·002) and disease perforation (OR 4·00, 2·81 to 5·69; P < 0·001). Conclusion Global differences existed in the proportion of patients receiving end stomas after left-sided colorectal resection based on income, which went beyond case mix alone

سرائیکی صورتِ خطی: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

The script performs significant role in learning and reading process of any language. Siraiki language has taken centuries to evolve to the present form. It has been adopting different scripts with the passage of time. Its initial phase of script may be seen in the form of Indus valley script. Afterwards, this language has been read and written in Dev Naagri script, Urd Nagri script and Landa Script. The present dictation and script of Siraiki language are derived from Arabic script. Yet it is much influenced by Urdu and present Sindhi alphabetic signs. The investigative analysis of present Siraiki script and its gradual evolution era has been discussed in this article