Victorious Youth in Peril: Analyzing Arguments Used in Cultural Property Disputes to Resolve the Case of the Getty Bronze

There has been a great deal of press in the recent years concerning the illegal exportation of cultural objects, their illicit sale to museums and private collectors, and the arguments that would compel either the return or restitution of such objects. This article will offer an introduction to this area including the current law and arguments by focusing the dispute surrounding a tremendous cultural asset, currently owned and residing in the United States-the Getty Bronze. The status of the statue is in question because the Italian authorities are claiming that the statue was illegally exported and, therefore, could not be sold to a person outside of the country. The debate surrounding the Getty Bronze will be the focus of this article. This article will analyze the arguments for and against its return based upon the Getty\u27s recent returns and two other examples of disputed cultural property including the Elgin Marbles\u27 and the Nefertiti bust

Studies in Natural Products: Sesquiterpenoids of Brachylaena hutchinsii

The chemical constituents of Brachylaena hutchinsii, a hardwood indigenous to East Africa, have been examined, and sesquiterpenoids of the heartwood extract and of the steam-volatile oil (Essential Oil Muhuhu) have been investigated. The first part of the thesis is concerned with the chemical composition of the heartwood and, in particular, with the structures of the Brachylaenalones, principal sesquiterpenoid constituents of an extract of the heartwood. In the present work, structures (A), proposed earlier, for these compounds, are re-examined and revised to structures (B) in the light of further evidence. In addition, the products of hydride reduction of the Brachylaenalones, previously reported to be three diastereomeric diols, are re-investigated and, in consequence of a refinement in analytical procedure, the occurrence of the fourth, expected diol is established. This work has necessitated the use of a wide range of analytical techniques, and physico-chemical data of the Brachylaenalones, the diols and the corresponding ketols have been recorded and analysed. Chemical correlation of the Brachylaenalones with the expected parent hydrocarbons, copaene and ylangene, has been attempted by several routes, but the desired transformations have been accompanied by side reactions, leading to complex mixtures of products in each case. Reduction of the dithioketal derivative of one ketoaldehyde over Raney nickel catalyst yielded a mixture of products comprising neither copaene nor ylangene: reduction of each ketoaldehyde according to the Wolff-Kishner method, however, afforded the parent hydrocarbons as minor products. In the second part of the thesis, a survey of the chemical constituents of the steam-volatile oil from the heartwood is described, and comparisons are drawn with the composition of the heartwood extract. Separations of the oil into fractions by gas-liquid chromatography (analytical and preparative), together with combined gas chromato-graphic-mass spectrometric analyses of individual fractions, supplemented in some instances by infra-red spectrometry, has allowed the documentation of molecular weights and functional types present in the oil, and the tentative identifications of copaene (C), ylangene (D) and ylangenol (E). The Brachylaenalones were not present in the oil, which comprised mainly compounds of molecular weights in the range 200-222

Chromosome rearrangements and population genomics

Chromosome rearrangements result in changes to the physical linkage and order of sequences in the genome. Although we have known about these mutations for more than a century, we still lack a detailed understanding of how they become fixed and what their effect is on other evolutionary processes. Analysing genome sequences provides a way to address this knowledge gap. In this thesis I compare genome assemblies and use population genomic inference to gain a better understanding of the role that chromosome rearrangements play in evolution. I focus on butterflies in the genus Brenthis, where chromosome numbers are known to vary between species. In chapter 2, I present a genome assembly of Brenthis ino and show that its genome has been shaped by many chromosome rearrangements, including a Z-autosome fusion that is still segregating. In chapter 3, I investigate how synteny information in genome sequences can be used to infer ancestral linkage groups and inter-chromosomal rearrangements, implementing the methods in a command-line tool. In chapter 4, I test whether chromosome fissions and fusions have acted as barriers to gene flow between B. ino and its sister species B. daphne. I find that chromosomes involved in rearrangements have experienced less post-divergence gene flow than the rest of the genome, suggesting that rearrangements have promoted speciation. Finally, in chapter 5, I investigate how chromosome rearrangements have become fixed in B. ino, B. daphne, and a third species, B. hecate. I show that genetic drift is unlikely to be a strong enough force to have fixed very underdominant rearrangements, and that there is only weak evidence that chromosome fusions have become fixed through positive natural selection. In summary, this work provides methods for researching chromosome evolution as well as new results about how rearrangements evolve and impact the speciation process

Modeling aquaculture suitability in a climate change future

Aquaculture has become the primary supplier of fish for human consumption, with production increasing every year since 1990 (FAO, 2020). At the same time, up to 89% of the world’s capture fisheries are fully exploited, overexploited, or collapsed. While some fisheries may have increased yields due to climate change in the short term, global fisheries catch is projected to fall by 10% by 2050 (Barange et al., 2014; Ramos Martins et al., 2021). However, the security of aquaculture production will depend on how future climate change affects productive regions as species’ optimal climatic conditions shift poleward (Chaudhary et al., 2021). This makes the forecasting of climate impacts on key aquaculture species a top priority in order to facilitate adaptation of this industry.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Raw and Count Data Comparability of Hip-Worn ActiGraph GT3X+ and Link Accelerometers

To enable inter- and intrastudy comparisons it is important to ascertain comparability among accelerometer models. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare raw and count data between hip-worn ActiGraph GT3X+ and GT9X Link accelerometers. Methods: Adults (n = 26 (n = 15 women); age, 49.1 T 20.0 yr) wore GT3X+ and Link accelerometers over the right hip for an 80-min protocol involving 12–21 sedentary, household, and ambulatory/exercise activities lasting 2–15 min each. For each accelerometer, mean and variance of the raw (60 Hz) data for each axis and vector magnitude (VM) were extracted in 30-s epochs. A machine learning model (Montoye 2015) was used to predict energy expenditure in METs from the raw data. Raw data were also processed into activity counts in 30-s epochs for each axis and VM, with Freedson 1998 and 2011 count-based regression models used to predictMETs. Time spent in sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous intensities was derived from predicted METs from each model. Correlations were calculated to compare raw and count data between accelerometers, and percent agreement was used to compare epoch-by-epoch activity intensity. Results: For raw data, correlations for mean acceleration were 0.96 T 0.05, 0.89 T 0.16, 0.71 T 0.33, and 0.80 T 0.28, and those for variance were 0.98 T 0.02, 0.98 T 0.03, 0.91 T 0.06, and 1.00 T 0.00 in the X, Y, and Z axes and VM, respectively. For count data, corresponding correlations were 1.00 T 0.01, 0.98 T 0.02, 0.96 T 0.04, and 1.00 T 0.00, respectively. Freedson 1998 and 2011 count-based models had significantly higher percent agreement for activity intensity (95.1% T 5.6% and 95.5% T 4.0%) compared with theMontoye 2015 raw data model (61.5% T 27.6%; P G 0.001). Conclusions: Count data were more highly comparable than raw data between accelerometers. Data filtering and/or more robust raw data models are needed to improve raw data comparability between ActiGraph GT3X+ and Link accelerometers

Chromosome fissions and fusions act as barriers to gene flow between Brenthis fritillary butterflies

Includes supplementary materials for the online appendix.Chromosome rearrangements are thought to promote reproductive isolation between incipient species. However, it is unclear how often, and under what conditions, fission and fusion rearrangements act as barriers to gene flow. Here we investigate speciation between two largely sympatric fritillary butterflies, Brenthis daphne and Brenthis ino. We use a composite likelihood approach to infer the demographic history of these species from whole-genome sequence data. We then compare chromosome-level genome assemblies of individuals from each species and identify a total of nine chromosome fissions and fusions. Finally, we fit a demographic model where effective population sizes and effective migration rate vary across the genome, allowing us to quantify the effects of chromosome rearrangements on reproductive isolation. We show that chromosomes involved in rearrangements experienced less effective migration since the onset of species divergence and that genomic regions near rearrangement points have a further reduction in effective migration rate. Our results suggest that the evolution of multiple rearrangements in the B. daphne and B. ino populations, including alternative fusions of the same chromosomes, have resulted in a reduction in gene flow. Although fission and fusion of chromosomes are unlikely to be the only processes that have led to speciation between these butterflies, this study shows that these rearrangements can directly promote reproductive isolation and may be involved in speciation when karyotypes evolve quickly.We would like to thank Marian Thompson and Robert Foster (both Edinburgh Genomics) for preparing Pacbio and HiC sequencing libraries and Katy MacDonald for help in the molecular lab. We also thank Maria Jesus Cañal Villanueva and Luis Valledor (Universidad de Orviedo) for help with fieldwork logistics, as well as Vlad Dincă, Raluca Vodă, and Sabina Vila for contributing samples. We would like to thank Staffan Bensch and Deborah Charlesworth for insightful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript and Sam Ebdon for helping to improve figure 1. A.M. is supported by an E4 PhD studentship from the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/S007407/1). K.L. is supported by a fellowship from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC, NE/L011522/1). R.V. is supported by Grant PID2019-107078GB-I00 funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033). S.H.M. is supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (URF/R1/180682). This work was supported by a European Research Council starting grant (ModelGenomLand 757648) to K.L. and a David Phillips Fellowship (BB/N020146/1) by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) to A.H

The genome sequence of the lesser marbled fritillary, Brenthis ino, and evidence for a segregating neo-Z chromosome

This is the final version. Available on open access from Oxford University Press via the DOI in this recordData availability: Supplementary Table 1 contains the metadata for the four individuals used for this project. The genome assembly, gene annotation, and raw sequence data can be found at the European Nucleotide Archive under project accession PRJEB49202. The scripts used for analyzing HiC data (chomper.py and HiC_view.py), the script used for calculating site degeneracy (partition_cds.py), and the script used for visualizing synteny (busco2synteny.py) can be found at the following github repository: https://github.com/A-J-F-Mackintosh/Mackintosh_et_al_2022_Bino. The mitochondrial genome sequence and the TE annotation can be found at the same repository.The lesser marbled fritillary, Brenthis ino (Rottemburg, 1775), is a species of Palearctic butterfly. Male Brenthis ino individuals have been reported to have between 12 and 14 pairs of chromosomes, a much-reduced chromosome number than is typical in butterflies. Here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly for Brenthis ino, as well as gene and transposable element annotations. The assembly is 411.8 Mb in length with a contig N50 of 9.6 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 29.5 Mb. We also show evidence that the male individual from which we generated HiC data was heterozygous for a neo-Z chromosome, consistent with inheriting 14 chromosomes from one parent and 13 from the other. This genome assembly will be a valuable resource for studying chromosome evolution in Lepidoptera, as well as for comparative and population genomics more generally

Effect of sampling rate on acceleration and counts of hip- and wrist-worn ActiGraph accelerometers in children

Sampling rate (Hz) of ActiGraph accelerometers may affect processing of acceleration to activity counts when using a hip-worn monitor, but research is needed to quantify if sampling rate affects actual acceleration (mg's), when using wrist-worn accelerometers and during non-locomotive activities. Objective: To assess the effect of ActiGraph sampling rate on total counts/15-sec and mean acceleration and to compare differences due to sampling rate between accelerometer wear locations and across different types of activities. Approach: Children (n=29) wore a hip- and wrist-worn accelerometer (sampled at 100 Hz, downsampled in MATLAB to 30 Hz) during rest/transition periods, active video games, and a treadmill test to volitional exhaustion. Mean acceleration and counts/15-sec were computed for each axis and as vector magnitude. Main Results: There were mostly no significant differences in mean acceleration. However, 100 Hz data resulted in significantly more total counts/15-sec (mean bias 4-43 counts/15-sec across axes) for both the hip- and wrist-worn monitor when compared to 30 Hz data. Absolute differences increased with activity intensity (hip: r=0.46-0.63; wrist: r=0.26-0.55) and were greater for hip- versus wrist-worn monitors. Percent agreement between 100 and 30 Hz data was high (97.4-99.7%) when cut-points or machine learning algorithms were used to classify activity intensity. Significance: Our findings support that sampling rate affects the generation of counts but adds that differences increase with intensity and when using hip-worn monitors. We recommend researchers be consistent and vigilantly report the sampling rate used, but note that classifying data into activity intensities resulted in agreement despite differences in sampling rate

A Consensus Method for Estimating Physical Activity Levels in Adults Using Accelerometry

Identifying the best analytical approach for capturing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) using accelerometry is complex but inconsistent approaches employed in research and surveillance limits comparability. We illustrate the use of a consensus method that pools estimates from multiple approaches for characterising MVPA using accelerometry. Participants (n = 30) wore an accelerometer on their right hip during two laboratory visits. Ten individual classification methods estimated minutes of MVPA, including cut-point, two-regression, and machine learning approaches, using open-source count and raw inputs and several epoch lengths. Results were averaged to derive the consensus estimate. Mean MVPA ranged from 33.9–50.4 min across individual methods, but only one (38.9 min) was statistically equivalent to the criterion of direct observation (38.2 min). The consensus estimate (39.2 min) was equivalent to the criterion (even after removal of the one individual method that was equivalent to the criterion), had a smaller mean absolute error (4.2 min) compared to individual methods (4.9–12.3 min), and enabled the estimation of participant-level variance (mean standard deviation: 7.7 min). The consensus method allows for addition/removal of methods depending on data availability or field progression and may improve accuracy and comparability of device-based MVPA estimates while limiting variability due to convergence between estimate

Associations and propositions: the case for a dual-process account of learning in humans

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier. NOTICE: This is the author’s version of a work accepted for publication by Elsevier. Changes resulting from the publishing process, including peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting and other quality control mechanisms, may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 2014, vol. 108, pp. 185 – 195 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.09.014We review evidence that supports the conclusion that people can and do learn in two distinct ways - one associative, the other propositional. No one disputes that we solve problems by testing hypotheses and inducing underlying rules, so the issue amounts to deciding whether there is evidence that we (and other animals) also rely on a simpler, associative system, that detects the frequency of occurrence of different events in our environment and the contingencies between them. There is neuroscientific evidence that associative learning occurs in at least some animals (e.g., Aplysia californica), so it must be the case that associative learning has evolved. Since both associative and propositional theories can in principle account for many instances of successful learning, the problem is then to show that there are at least some cases where the two classes of theory predict different outcomes. We offer a demonstration of cue competition effects in humans under incidental conditions as evidence against the argument that all such effects are based on cognitive inference. The latter supposition would imply that if the necessary information is unavailable to inference then no cue competition should occur. We then discuss the case of unblocking by reinforcer omission, where associative theory predicts an irrational solution to the problem, and consider the phenomenon of the Perruchet effect, in which conscious expectancy and conditioned response dissociate. Further discussion makes use of evidence that people will sometimes provide one solution to a problem when it is presented to them in summary form, and another when they are presented in rapid succession with trial-by trial information. We also demonstrate that people trained on a discrimination may show a peak shift (predicted by associative theory), but given the time and opportunity to detect the relationships between S+ and S-, show rule-based behavior instead. Finally, we conclude by presenting evidence that research on individual differences suggests that variation in intelligence and explicit problem solving ability are quite unrelated to variation in implicit (associative) learning, and briefly consider the computational implications of our argument, by asking how both associative and propositional processes can be accommodated within a single framework for cognition.ESR