185 research outputs found
Schuld und Schulden Wie Moralisch ist die Wirtschaft?
This article provides a critical reconstruction of the problems of debt and neoliberalism in the modern and contemporary philosophical thought. Starting from the well-known lexical analogy between âfaultâ and âdebtâ as expressed by the German word Schuld, the article focuses in particular on the topics of subjectivity, of property and self-ownership of the body and on the moral consequences of forgiveness and solidarity. None of us depends entirely on him/herself: we always owe our very existence to the subjects who created us, that is to say we always are indebted to something or someone. Economic decisions are also (and most of all) moral decisions. From the ancient roman law categories to the neoliberal thinking, the article casts a new philosophical light on the subtle overlapping of âtimeâ, âmoneyâ and âethicsâ in the contemporary society.This article provides a critical reconstruction of the problems of debt and neoliberalism in the modern and contemporary philosophical thought. Starting from the well-known lexical analogy between âfaultâ and âdebtâ as expressed by the German word Schuld, the article focuses in particular on the topics of subjectivity, of property and self-ownership of the body and on the moral consequences of forgiveness and solidarity. None of us depends entirely on him/herself: we always owe our very existence to the subjects who created us, that is to say we always are indebted to something or someone. Economic decisions are also (and most of all) moral decisions. From the ancient roman law categories to the neoliberal thinking, the article casts a new philosophical light on the subtle overlapping of âtimeâ, âmoneyâ and âethicsâ in the contemporary society.This article provides a critical reconstruction of the problems of debt and neoliberalism in the modern and contemporary philosophical thought. Starting from the well-known lexical analogy between âfaultâ and âdebtâ as expressed by the German word Schuld, the article focuses in particular on the topics of subjectivity, of property and self-ownership of the body and on the moral consequences of forgiveness and solidarity. None of us depends entirely on him/herself: we always owe our very existence to the subjects who created us, that is to say we always are indebted to something or someone. Economic decisions are also (and most of all) moral decisions. From the ancient roman law categories to the neoliberal thinking, the article casts a new philosophical light on the subtle overlapping of âtimeâ, âmoneyâ and âethicsâ in the contemporary society.This article provides a critical reconstruction of the problems of debt and neoliberalism in the modern and contemporary philosophical thought. Starting from the well-known lexical analogy between âfaultâ and âdebtâ as expressed by the German word Schuld, the article focuses in particular on the topics of subjectivity, of property and self-ownership of the body and on the moral consequences of forgiveness and solidarity. None of us depends entirely on him/herself: we always owe our very existence to the subjects who created us, that is to say we always are indebted to something or someone. Economic decisions are also (and most of all) moral decisions. From the ancient roman law categories to the neoliberal thinking, the article casts a new philosophical light on the subtle overlapping of âtimeâ, âmoneyâ and âethicsâ in the contemporary society
Requirements for a Dashboard Application to Facilitate Climate-Smart Planning for Sustainable Resilient Green and Blue Cities
To ensure a liveable, resilient and sustainable city in the future, climate change adaptation and mitigation measures must be integrated into urban development projects. This is necessary to counteract the negative effects of climate change, as Austria is already experiencing a noticeable increase in the number of hot days and an increase in extreme weather events (ĂKS 15). Adaptation to climate change requires that the impact of an urban development project on the local microclimate be assessed as early as possible in order to minimise the effects and optimise the project. Microclimate analyses can be used to assess the impact of a development project or to compare different variants of a project and show the effects on local temperature, perceived temperature, wind field or humidity (Oswald et al. 2020). At the same time, urban planning processes are increasingly influenced by digitalisation in the form of Building Information Modelling (BIM).
Linking microclimate simulation and BIM is therefore an important step for the future of sustainable cities. So far, however, no tool exists that combines the various requirements and enables microclimatic assessment or optimisation of urban development projects. Some planning or assessment tools, such as microclimate models or green area indicators, allow for sectoral assessments. What is missing is a comprehensive tool that makes it easy to present the various impacts of a project to spatial planning and development decision-makers, investors and planners and, last but not least, to the general public, such as (future) residents.
This contribution analyses and describes the requirements for such a tool in the form of a web-based dashboard that uses BIM models, links them to microclimatic simulations, and additionally presents key performance indicators (KPI), such as green area indicators, in a structured way. The design of the dashboard is data and task dependent (Conrow et al. 2023); in light of the challenges and opportunities associated with optimising urban development projects from a microclimatic point of view, we set out to address issues related to (i) the requirements for the user interface, i.e. the dashboard, (ii) the requirements for the models (BIM model and microclimatic numerical simulation model), (iii) the possible applications in different planning phases, and (iv) the necessary requirements for data and data preparation.
The aim of the contribution is to analyse and describe the requirements, implementation perspectives and application possibilities of a web-based dashboard, which enables climate impact assessments, macro-ecological data for properties and neighbourhoods in an early planning phase (âclimate checkâ) on the basis of three-dimensional building models
Ăkonomie des Opfers. Literatur im Zeichen des Suizids
Warum bleibt im GedÀchtnis nur, was nicht aufhört,
weh zu tun, wie Nietzsche einmal gesagt hat? Der
vorliegende Sammelband sucht Antworten darauf â
im Werk und im Suizid von Autoren wie Heinrich von
Kleist, Virginia Woolf, Yukio Mishima, Anne Sexton,
Hermann Burger und David Foster Wallace.
Es scheint einen fatalen Zusammenhang zu geben
zwischen Dichtung, die den Erwartungshorizont der
Zeitgenossen sprengt, und dem Suizid des Dichters
â einen fatalen Zusammenhang auch von Suizid und
Nachruhm eines Autors. Von individuellen Leiden
abgesehen gilt: Wer monströs als Subjekt aus der Geschichte
verschwindet, taucht irgendwann als Objekt
von Geschichten wieder auf, erreicht Aufmerksamkeit in
Nachrufen, ErzĂ€hlungen, muÌndlicher und schriftlicher
Historiografie. Dergestalt paradox ist die Ăkonomie
des Selbstopfers, in der sich auch eine vorgÀngige Anökonomie verbergen kann
A Conserved EAR Motif Is Required for Avirulence and Stability of the Ralstonia solanacearum Effector PopP2 In Planta
(extract) Overall, this study reveals high conservation of the PopP2 effector in Korean R. solanacearum strains isolated from commercially cultivated tomato
and pepper genotypes. Importantly, our data also indicate that the PopP2 conserved repressor motif could contribute to the effector accumulation in plant cells
Transgenic expression of the dicotyledonous pattern recognition receptor EFR in rice leads to ligand-dependent activation of defense responses
Plant plasma membrane localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect extracellular pathogen-associated molecules. PRRs such as Arabidopsis EFR and rice XA21 are taxonomically restricted and are absent from most plant genomes. Here we show that rice plants expressing EFR or the chimeric receptor EFR::XA21, containing the EFR ectodomain and the XA21 intracellular domain, sense both Escherichia coli- and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)-derived elf18 peptides at sub-nanomolar concentrations. Treatment of EFR and EFR::XA21 rice leaf tissue with elf18 leads to MAP kinase activation, reactive oxygen production and defense gene expression. Although expression of EFR does not lead to robust enhanced resistance to fully virulent Xoo isolates, it does lead to quantitatively enhanced resistance to weakly virulent Xoo isolates. EFR interacts with OsSERK2 and the XA21 binding protein 24 (XB24), two key components of the rice XA21-mediated immune response. Rice-EFR plants silenced for OsSERK2, or overexpressing rice XB24 are compromised in elf18-induced reactive oxygen production and defense gene expression indicating that these proteins are also important for EFR-mediated signaling in transgenic rice. Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential feasibility of enhancing disease resistance in rice and possibly other monocotyledonous crop species by expression of dicotyledonous PRRs. Our results also suggest that Arabidopsis EFR utilizes at least a subset of the known endogenous rice XA21 signaling components
Direct inhibition of phosphate transport by immune signaling in Arabidopsis
Soil availability of inorganic ortho-phosphate (PO 4 3â, P i) is a key determinant of plant growth and fitness. 1 Plants regulate the capacity of their roots to take up inorganic phosphate by adapting the abundance of H +-coupled phosphate transporters of the PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER 1 (PHT1) family 2 at the plasma membrane (PM) through transcriptional and post-translational changes driven by the genetic network of the phosphate starvation response (PSR). 3â8 Increasing evidence also shows that plants integrate immune responses to alleviate phosphate starvation stress through the association with beneficial microbes. 9â11 Whether and how such phosphate transport is regulated upon activation of immune responses is yet uncharacterized. To address this question, we first developed quantitative assays based on changes in the electrical PM potential to measure active P i transport in roots in real time. By inserting micro-electrodes into bulging root hairs, we were able to determine key characteristics of phosphate transport in intact Arabidopsis thaliana (hereafter Arabidopsis) seedlings. The fast P i-induced depolarization observed was dependent on the activity of the major phosphate transporter PHT1;4. Notably, we observed that this PHT1;4-mediated phosphate uptake is repressed upon activation of pattern-triggered immunity. This inhibition depended on the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) and PBS1-LIKE KINASE 1 (PBL1), which both phosphorylated PHT1;4. As a corollary to this negative regulation of phosphate transport by immune signaling, we found that PHT1;4-mediated phosphate uptake normally negatively regulates anti-bacterial immunity in roots. Collectively, our results reveal a mechanism linking plant immunity and phosphate homeostasis, with BIK1/PBL1 providing a molecular integration point between these two important pathways
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New preparative methods to enhance phase purity and physical properties of cuprate superconductors
Several methods which avoid the problems inherent in solid state reactions have been developed. These methods include freeze drying, liquid ammonia based processes and a novel xerogel process. They are applicable to both 123, 124 and BISCCO based superconductors and have as their goal the atomic mixing of precursors in order to reduce inhomogeneity in the final product. The three methods are described and compared to each other and to conventional methods of synthesis. The products prepared by these methods are fully characterized by elemental analysis, XRD, TGA, DSC, resistivity and magnetic susceptibility versus temperature and by SEM. 13 refs., 2 figs
Die Sieben TodsĂŒnden
Weshalb faszinieren und inspirieren die Sieben TodsuÌnden bis heute â auch und gerade obwohl theologische Kommentare lĂ€ngst an Verbindlichkeit eingebuÌĂt haben? In exemplarischen Studien widmet sich der Sammelband der Wirkungsgeschichte der Sieben TodsuÌnden in den unterschiedlichen KuÌnsten: Literatur und bildende
Kunst, Film und Fernsehen. Der Fokus liegt weniger auf einer Ideengeschichte der TodsuÌnden als auf deren Formelhaftigkeit, die gerade im Verblassen der urspruÌnglichen HintergruÌnde ihre Wirkmacht in breiter diskursiver Streuung entfaltet. Dabei reichen die vielfĂ€ltigen Fortschreibungen und Transformationen weit uÌber das fruÌhe Mittelalter und die klassische Theologie hinaus und zeigen in der Moderne und Postmoderne verstĂ€rkt nur noch Allusionen auf die urspruÌnglich religiöse Ordnungsphantasie. So werden die TodsuÌnden zu einem intermedialen Fundus fuÌr ethische und politische Reflexionen, Ă€sthetische Transformationen und kuÌnstlerische Experimente. Der Band versammelt Studien, die sich aus literatur-, medien- und kulturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive sowohl den einzelnen TodsuÌnden superbia, invidia, ira, acedia, avaritia, gula, luxuria als auch dem Septenar insgesamt widmen
Activation loop phosphorylaton of a non-RD receptor kinase initiates plant innate immune signaling
Receptor kinases (RKs) are fundamental for extracellular sensing and regulate development and stress responses across kingdoms. In plants, leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) are primarily peptide receptors that regulate responses to myriad internal and external stimuli. Phosphorylation of LRR-RK cytoplasmic domains is among the earliest responses following ligand perception, and reciprocal transphosphorylation between a receptor and its coreceptor is thought to activate the receptor complex. Originally proposed based on characterization of the brassinosteroid receptor, the prevalence of complex activation via reciprocal transphosphorylation across the plant RK family has not been tested. Using the LRR-RK ELONGATION FACTOR TU RECEPTOR (EFR) as a model, we set out to understand the steps critical for activating RK complexes. While the EFR cytoplasmic domain is an active protein kinase in vitro and is phosphorylated in a ligand-dependent manner in vivo, catalytically deficient EFR variants are functional in antibacterial immunity. These results reveal a noncatalytic role for EFR in triggering immune signaling and indicate that reciprocal transphoshorylation is not a ubiquitous requirement for LRR-RK complex activation. Rather, our analysis of EFR along with a detailed survey of the literature suggests a distinction between LRR-RKs with RD- versus non-RD protein kinase domains. Based on newly identified phosphorylation sites that regulate the activation state of the EFR complex in vivo, we propose that LRR-RK complexes containing a non-RD protein kinase may be regulated by phosphorylation-dependent conformational changes of the ligand-binding receptor, which could initiate signaling either allosterically or through driving the dissociation of negative regulators of the complex
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