The Second World War in the Destiny of Ukrainians

Статтю присвячено висвітленню випробовувань, які випали на долю українців під час Другої світової війни. Стверджується, що трагедія полягала в тому, що українці опинилися в лавах Червоної армії, а також польського, угорського, румунського і навіть німецького війська. Наведено дані про матеріальні збитки, завдані народному господарству України та людські втрати. The article is devoted to the trail of Ukrainians destiny during the Second World War. It is stated that the tragedy was that Ukrainians found themselves in the ranks of Red Army, and also in Polish, Hungarian, Romanian and even in German forces. The facts about financial and human losses which were inflicted to the Ukrainian national economy were given

Over-actuated vehicles path tracking algorithms

Rozvoj autonomních vozidel ve veřejné dopravě upoutal pozornost široké veřejnosti a začal být považován za možné řešení v otázce dopravy. V důsledku toho vzrostl význam algoritmů vedení po trati a zároveň se zvýšily požadavky na tyto řídicí systémy. Cílem předkládané práce je návrh algoritmu vedení po trati přímo uzpůsobený pro vozidla s více stupni volnosti, která se odchylují od konvenčních platforem. Na začátku práce uvádíme souhrnný přehled kinematiky a dynamiky pohybu vozidel s více stupni volnosti včetně odvození příslušných matematických modelů. Dané modely slouží jako podklad pro návrh a vyhodnocení navrhovaných algoritmů. Práce dále zkoumá rozdíly mezi reaktivními algoritmy a algoritmy zahrnujícími dopřednou složku referenční trati. Navržený primární algoritmus je rozšířen o další funkce a následně vyhodnocen v rámci různých jízdních scénářů. Výkon a jízdní komfort jednotlivých navržených algoritmů mezi sebou srovnáváme a následně výsledky podrobujeme srovnání s regulátorem inspirovaným Stanley řídícím systémem. V závěru práce algoritmus integrujeme do validační platformy, čímž ověříme algoritmus na reálné hardwarové platformě a podnikneme tak klíčový krok pro posuzování funkčnosti algoritmu.The emergence of autonomous vehicles in the public transport sector has sparked increasing interest and recognition as a solution in the transportation industry. Consequently, the significance of path-tracking algorithms has escalated, accompanied by heightened demands on these control systems. This thesis aims to present a design of a path-tracking algorithm tailored explicitly for over-actuated vehicles, which deviate from conventional platforms. To begin, the thesis provides a comprehensive overview of the kinematics and dynamics regarding the motion of over-actuated vehicles, incorporating the derivation of relevant mathematical models. These models serve as the foundation for designing and evaluating the proposed algorithms. Furthermore, the thesis explores the distinctions between reactive algorithms and those incorporating a look-ahead component of the reference path. The primary algorithm proposed is augmented with additional features and subsequently assessed across diverse driving scenarios. Performance and driving comfort comparisons are conducted between the developed algorithms and a Stanley-inspired controller. Lastly, the thesis concludes with the integration of the algorithm into a validation platform, enabling real hardware platform validation. This integration serves as a pivotal step in assessing the algorithm's functionality

Pupil response hazard rates predict perceived gaze durations

We investigated the mechanisms for evaluating perceived gaze-shift duration. Timing relies on the accumulation of endogenous physiological signals. Here we focused on arousal, measured through pupil dilation, as a candidate timing signal. Participants timed gaze-shifts performed by face stimuli in a Standard/Probe comparison task. Pupil responses were binned according to “Longer/Shorter” judgements in trials where Standard and Probe were identical. This ensured that pupil responses reflected endogenous arousal fluctuations opposed to differences in stimulus content. We found that pupil hazard rates predicted the classification of sub-second intervals (steeper dilation =“Longer” classifications). This shows that the accumulation of endogenous arousal signals informs gaze-shift timing judgements. We also found that participants relied exclusively on the 2nd stimulus to perform the classification, providing insights into timing strategies under conditions of maximum uncertainty. We observed no dissociation in pupil responses when timing equivalent neutral spatial displacements, indicating that a stimulus-dependent timer exploits arousal to time gaze-shifts

The impact of the trade and financial openness on the economic growth in the countries from the Eastern Europe

The impact of trade and financial openness can be measured by the sensitivity of the first moment of the economic growth. Taking into account the domestic conditions, this paper provides an empirical evaluation of the impact of globalization on the economic growth in the Eastern Europe. The data set includes a sample of 9 countries from the Eastern Europe, which are member states of the EU. This paper investigates the possibility of a non-monotonic relationship between the trade/financial openness and the economic growth. The analysis of non-linearity is done by allowing the effects of trade/financial integration to vary with the general level of economic development. The econometric models used in the analysis are the dynamic panel data models: the “Difference” GMM (Arellano-Bond (1991)) and the “System” GMM (Arellano-Bover(1995)/Blundell-Bond(1998)). These models are designed for a dynamic persistent panel data with few time periods and many individuals, with endogenous regressors, with fixed effect, with heteroskedasticity and auto-correlation within cross-sections. The main conclusions of this paper are that trade openness has a significant positive impact on the economic growth while the impact of the financial integration is a negative one. This analysis reveals a strong non-linearity of the impact of trade openness on the economic growth. The non-linearity of the financial openness impact on the economic growth couldn’t be deduced.financial openness, economic growth

Temporal order in memory and interval timing: An interference analysis

The effect of varying load in memory tasks performed during a time interval production was examined. In a first experiment, increasing load in memory search for temporal order affected concurrent time production more strongly than varying load in a spatial memory task of equivalent difficulty. This result suggests that timing uses some specific resources also required in processing temporal order in memory, resources that would not be used in the spatial memory task. A second experiment showed that the interference between time production and memory search involving temporal order was stronger when, during the timing task, a decision was made on the temporal position of a memory item, than when information on temporal order was retained throughout the interval to be produced. These results underscore the importance of considering the specific resources and processes involved when the interference between timing and concurrent nontemporal tasks is analyzed

Electrophysiological correlates of motion extrapolation: An investigation on the CNV

publisher: Elsevier articletitle: Electrophysiological correlates of motion extrapolation: An investigation on the CNV journaltitle: Neuropsychologia articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.12.019 content_type: article copyright: © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Ready ... Go: Amplitude of the fMRI Signal Encodes Expectation of Cue Arrival Time

What happens when the brain awaits a signal of uncertain arrival time, as when a sprinter waits for the starting pistol? And what happens just after the starting pistol fires? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we have discovered a novel correlate of temporal expectations in several brain regions, most prominently in the supplementary motor area (SMA). Contrary to expectations, we found little fMRI activity during the waiting period; however, a large signal appears after the “go” signal, the amplitude of which reflects learned expectations about the distribution of possible waiting times. Specifically, the amplitude of the fMRI signal appears to encode a cumulative conditional probability, also known as the cumulative hazard function. The fMRI signal loses its dependence on waiting time in a “countdown” condition in which the arrival time of the go cue is known in advance, suggesting that the signal encodes temporal probabilities rather than simply elapsed time. The dependence of the signal on temporal expectation is present in “no-go” conditions, demonstrating that the effect is not a consequence of motor output. Finally, the encoding is not dependent on modality, operating in the same manner with auditory or visual signals. This finding extends our understanding of the relationship between temporal expectancy and measurable neural signals

O EFEITO DA EDUCAÇÃO POR JOGOS TRADICIONAIS NOS NÍVEIS DE APTIDÃO FÍSICA, SAÚDE E FELICIDADE EM ALUNOS DO ENSINO MÉDIO

The effects of traditional games on various aspects of physical fitness need to be revealed for children and adolescents to transform them into lasting behaviors in physical education classes and daily life. This study aims to examine the impact of traditional game education (TGE) and physical education lessons, along with elective sports and physical activity classes (PE + ESPAC), on the physical fitness, health, and happiness levels of middle school students. Within this scope, traditional games were played by the experimental groups for 10 weeks after pre-tests, and post-tests were conducted. In addition to PE the control group received elective sports and physical activity classes (ESPAC). Measurements were taken for height, body weight, body mass index, sit and reach test, double leg standing broad jump, T-test, 30-meter sprint test, and 20-meter shuttle run test in both pre-tests and post-tests. Additionally, participants' perceptions of health and happiness were assessed with two questions. The students were engaged in traditional games such as "capture the flag", "hopscotch", "dodgeball", and "tag". The sample of the research was determined using the easily accessible sampling method, and it consisted of voluntary students from 5th and 6th grades at Barbaros Middle School in the Ereğli district of Konya province. The research design followed an experimental model with pre-test and post-test. Independent T-tests, paired T-tests, and correlation coefficients between variables were calculated for data analysis. Cohen’s d was used to determine the effect size within groups. In the comparison of the findings of this study, TGE and PE + ESPAC groups, a significant difference was found in favor of the experimental group in agility and speed skills only in males. In Cohen's d analyses, in the male experimental group, traditional game education had a large effect on speed and agility, a moderate effect on shuttle running and health perception, and a low effect on BMI, double leg standing broad jump (DLSBJ) and happiness perception. In the female experimental group, it has a large effect on agility, a moderate effect on average speed and perception of happiness, and a low effect on body height, flexibility, DLSBJ, shuttle run test and health perception. In boys, PE plus ESPAC education has a low effect on body height, average speed, shuttle running, agility, perception of health and happiness, while in girls, it has a moderate effect on average speed and shuttle run test and a low effect on DLSBJ, agility and health perception. While there was a significant relationship between the perception of health and happiness in both genders during the pre-test, this relationship was observed only in the male group in the post-test. In the posttests, structural characteristics between perceptions of health and happiness and physical fitness variables showed a significant negative relationship, while flexibility was positively related to standing double-leg long jump (DLSBJ), mean 30 m speed, shuttle run and agility speed. In conclusion, it is clear that in terms of improving physical fitness and perceptions of health and happiness, the traditional games education in the experimental group is more effective than the the physical education plus elective  sports and physical activity lessons in the control group.Os efeitos dos jogos tradicionais em vários aspectos da aptidão física precisam ser revelados para crianças e adolescentes para transformá-los em comportamentos duradouros nas aulas de educação física e na vida diária. Este estudo tem como objetivo examinar o impacto da educação em jogos tradicionais (TGE) e aulas de educação física, juntamente com aulas eletivas de esportes e atividade física (EF + ESPAC), nos níveis de aptidão física, saúde e felicidade de alunos do ensino fundamental. Dentro deste escopo, jogos tradicionais foram jogados pelos grupos experimentais por 10 semanas após os pré-testes, e pós-testes foram conduzidos. Além da EF, o grupo de controle recebeu aulas eletivas de esportes e atividade física (ESPAC). Foram feitas medições de altura, peso corporal, índice de massa corporal, teste de sentar e alcançar, salto em distância com duas pernas, teste T, teste de velocidade de 30 metros e teste de corrida de vaivém de 20 metros em pré-testes e pós-testes. Além disso, as percepções dos participantes sobre saúde e felicidade foram avaliadas com duas perguntas. Os alunos estavam envolvidos em jogos tradicionais como "capturar a bandeira", "amarelinha", "queimada" e "pega-pega". A amostra da pesquisa foi determinada usando o método de amostragem facilmente acessível, e consistiu em alunos voluntários da 5ª e 6ª séries da Barbaros Middle School no distrito de Ereğli, na província de Konya. O desenho da pesquisa seguiu um modelo experimental com pré-teste e pós-teste. Testes T independentes, testes T pareados e coeficientes de correlação entre variáveis ​​foram calculados para análise de dados. O d de Cohen foi usado para determinar o tamanho do efeito dentro dos grupos. Na comparação dos achados deste estudo, grupos TGE e PE + ESPAC, uma diferença significativa foi encontrada em favor do grupo experimental em habilidades de agilidade e velocidade apenas em homens. Nas análises d de Cohen, no grupo experimental masculino, a educação tradicional em jogos teve um grande efeito na velocidade e agilidade, um efeito moderado na corrida de vaivém e percepção de saúde, e um baixo efeito no IMC, salto em distância em pé com duas pernas (DLSBJ) e percepção de felicidade. No grupo experimental feminino, tem um grande efeito na agilidade, um efeito moderado na velocidade média e percepção de felicidade, e um baixo efeito na altura corporal, flexibilidade, DLSBJ, teste de corrida de vaivém e percepção de saúde. Em meninos, educação física mais ESPAC tem um baixo efeito na altura corporal, velocidade média, corrida de vaivém, agilidade, percepção de saúde e felicidade, enquanto em meninas, tem um efeito moderado na velocidade média e teste de corrida de vaivém e um baixo efeito no DLSBJ, agilidade e percepção de saúde. Embora tenha havido uma relação significativa entre a percepção de saúde e felicidade em ambos os sexos durante o pré-teste, essa relação foi observada apenas no grupo masculino no pós-teste. Nos pós-testes, as características estruturais entre percepções de saúde e felicidade e variáveis ​​de aptidão física mostraram uma relação negativa significativa, enquanto a flexibilidade foi positivamente relacionada ao salto em distância de duas pernas em pé (DLSBJ), velocidade média de 30 m, corrida de vaivém e velocidade de agilidade. Concluindo, fica claro que, em termos de melhoria da aptidão física e das percepções de saúde e felicidade, a educação por meio de jogos tradicionais no grupo experimental é mais eficaz do que a educação física mais aulas eletivas de esportes e atividade física no grupo de controle