The Second World War in the Destiny of Ukrainians

Статтю присвячено висвітленню випробовувань, які випали на долю українців під час Другої світової війни. Стверджується, що трагедія полягала в тому, що українці опинилися в лавах Червоної армії, а також польського, угорського, румунського і навіть німецького війська. Наведено дані про матеріальні збитки, завдані народному господарству України та людські втрати. The article is devoted to the trail of Ukrainians destiny during the Second World War. It is stated that the tragedy was that Ukrainians found themselves in the ranks of Red Army, and also in Polish, Hungarian, Romanian and even in German forces. The facts about financial and human losses which were inflicted to the Ukrainian national economy were given

The impact of the trade and financial openness on the economic growth in the countries from the Eastern Europe

The impact of trade and financial openness can be measured by the sensitivity of the first moment of the economic growth. Taking into account the domestic conditions, this paper provides an empirical evaluation of the impact of globalization on the economic growth in the Eastern Europe. The data set includes a sample of 9 countries from the Eastern Europe, which are member states of the EU. This paper investigates the possibility of a non-monotonic relationship between the trade/financial openness and the economic growth. The analysis of non-linearity is done by allowing the effects of trade/financial integration to vary with the general level of economic development. The econometric models used in the analysis are the dynamic panel data models: the “Difference” GMM (Arellano-Bond (1991)) and the “System” GMM (Arellano-Bover(1995)/Blundell-Bond(1998)). These models are designed for a dynamic persistent panel data with few time periods and many individuals, with endogenous regressors, with fixed effect, with heteroskedasticity and auto-correlation within cross-sections. The main conclusions of this paper are that trade openness has a significant positive impact on the economic growth while the impact of the financial integration is a negative one. This analysis reveals a strong non-linearity of the impact of trade openness on the economic growth. The non-linearity of the financial openness impact on the economic growth couldn’t be deduced.financial openness, economic growth

The Muslim Emigration in Western Anatolia

Avec les guerres balkaniques, toute la région apprit à connaître un nouveau concept : le nettoyage ethnique. Les États cherchant à homogénéiser leur population le firent de deux manières : par les traités ou par la force. Les statistiques démographiques devinrent ainsi un instrument politique et commença alors « la manipulation ethnique ». Parmi les Chrétiens anatoliens, les Grecs ottomans furent la première cible du CUP qui craignait de perdre « le dernier territoire restant ». Talat Pacha, ministre de l'Intérieur parla aux diplomates allemands de débarrasser le pays « des ennemis de l’intérieur ». Expulsions, terreur et déportations : entre 1912 et 1918, sur les deux rives de l’Égée, près de la moitié des 17,5 millions d’habitants ont été « déplacés ». Le legs le pire de cette période est la tendance des États à croire qu’ils ont le droit d’échanger ou de déporter leurs populations comme du bétail.With the Balkan Wars, the whole region was introduced to a new concept: Ethnic cleansing. States looking to homogenize their population did this in two ways: either by treaty or by force. Population statistics thus became one political instrument and then started the “ethnic engineering”. Among Anatolian Christians, Ottoman Greeks were the first target of the CUP who feared losing the “last remaining territory”. Talat Pasha, Minister of the Interior, talked to German diplomats about ridding the country of “internal enemies”. After expulsions, terrorism and deportations between 1913 and 1918, on both sides of the Aegean, almost half the population of 17.5 million changed places. The era’s worst legacy is the idea that states have a right to exchange or deport their populations like property

COVID-19 Case Management

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Effets d’une supplémentation en glutamine chez des nageurs de haut niveau

Les athlètes de haut niveau constituent une population bien spécifique qui se distingue par le suivi d’un entraînement exigeant au volume particulièrement élevé, mais également par de nombreux voyages, ainsi que par la présence de stress psychologique. La nutrition est un élément de taille pouvant exercer un impact direct sur la performance, pour laquelle une planification optimale des apports nutritionnels et la prise d’aides ergogènes détiennent une importance capitale. Étant donné que cette population est représentée par un bassin de sujets relativement faible et que leur participation à des projets de recherche comporte de nombreux enjeux méthodologiques, un nombre très restreint d’études est effectué chez les athlètes élites. Un volume d’entraînement élevé pratiqué de manière chronique serait associé à une diminution des réserves plasmatiques de glutamine. La glutamine détient de nombreuses fonctions, dont celle d’agir en tant que substrat énergétique majeur pour les entérocytes ainsi que pour les cellules immunitaires. On observe paradoxalement une incidence accrue d’infections des voies respiratoires (IVRS), de même que de troubles gastro-intestinaux (TGI) chez les athlètes ayant un volume d’entraînement élevé. Parallèlement à ceci, la glutamine a montré détenir un rôle anti-inflammatoire et de protection pour l’organisme en étant, entre autres, impliquée dans la sécrétion des protéines de choc thermique (HSP). Ce projet de recherche est un essai transversal, randomisé, croisé, à simple insu et contrôlé contre placebo (n = 11, 3 abandons). La collecte de données a eu lieu lors de deux périodes distinctes durant la saison de compétition de natation (phases A et B), où chaque participant a reçu le supplément de glutamine ou le placebo lors de la phase A et vice versa lors de la phase B. Dans le cadre de cette étude, une première hypothèse a été émise à savoir qu’une supplémentation en glutamine (0,6 g/kg masse maigre) administrée avant (dix jours), pendant (3 jours) et après (5 jours) une compétition chez des nageurs de haut niveau permettrait en premier lieu de limiter la baisse de glutamine plasmatique et d’immunoglobines A (IgA) salivaires engendrée par la compétition. Ensuite, il a été supposé que la supplémentation permettrait de limiter la présence d’inflammation (protéine C-réactive (CRP) et haptoglobine) tout en stimulant la production de HSP-72 auprès des participants, en plus de réduire l’incidence iii d’IVRS et de TGI et d’améliorer les indicateurs associés à la récupération (évalués par un questionnaire, le RESTQ-Sport). Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons posé l’hypothèse qu’une participation à une compétition de natation pourrait avoir des répercussions physiologiques chez les nageurs de haut niveau. Les résultats de cette thèse, obtenus à l’aide d’analyses statistiques traditionnelles et multivariées non supervisées exploratoires (analyses en composantes principales), n’ont pas montré d’effets bénéfiques réels auprès des athlètes ayant reçu le supplément de glutamine. Aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les groupes expérimentaux quant aux concentrations plasmatiques de glutamine, IgA salivaires, CRP, haptoglobine et HSP-72. Les valeurs du RESTQ-Sport ont été faiblement influencées par la supplémentation. Bien que la somme de sévérité des huit symptômes d’IVRS semblait réduite chez le groupe ayant reçu le supplément, très peu d’athlètes auraient contracté une réelle infection, selon la définition utilisée. L’incidence de troubles gastro-intestinaux a seulement été significativement réduite lors de la phase B du projet chez le groupe supplémenté. En ce qui concerne les effets de la compétition, aucune différence n’a été observée entre les paramètres mesurés avant et après la compétition. En conclusion, une supplémentation chronique en glutamine administrée avant, pendant et après une compétition de natation ne semble pas avoir eu d’effets bénéfiques chez le groupe supplémenté. Toutefois, étant donné la présence de plusieurs contraintes méthodologiques survenues en cours d’étude, découlant de la réalité du contexte sportif de haut niveau, il serait inexact d’affirmer l’inefficacité d’une supplémentation en glutamine chez les nageurs élites. Les difficultés rencontrées soulignent encore plus la complexité associée à l’étude de cette population bien spécifique, mais elles n’en expriment pas moins son importance. Ainsi, lors d’études futures, il sera primordial de vérifier les effets d’une supplémentation en glutamine toujours auprès d’une population d’athlètes élites, mais afin de pallier à la variabilité intra- et inter-individuelle observée dans ce type de réponse, la fréquence et le nombre de mesures devront être augmentés.Elite athletes are a very specific population characterized by a particularly rigorous and strenuous training schedule, numerous trips abroad, and the experience of psychological stress. Nutrition is undoubtedly a sizeable element that can have a direct impact on performance. Optimal periodization of nutritional intakes and the use of ergogenic aids is of paramount importance. Given that this group is represented by a relatively small pool of subjects and its participation in research projects involves many methodological challenges, very few studies have been conducted amongst this type of athlete. Intense training executed at a chronic level is linked to a decrease in plasma reserves of glutamine. Glutamine has many functions, including that of acting as a major energy substrate for enterocytes and immune cells. Studies paradoxically observed an increase in the incidence of respiratory tract infections (URTI) as well as gastrointestinal disorders (GD) in elite athletes. In addition, they showed that glutamine plays an anti-inflammatory role and, as it is involved in the secretion of heat shock proteins (HSP), essentially serves as a source of protection for the body. This study was a cross-sectional, randomized, crossover and single-blinded controlled trial with a placebo (n = 11, 3 dropouts). Data collection took place during two distinct periods of the swimming competition season (phases A and B). Each participant received either the glutamine supplement or placebo during phase A and vice versa during phase B. The initial hypothesis stipulated that supplements with glutamine (0.6 g/kg fat-free mass) administered amongst elite swimmers before (ten days), during (three days), and after (five days) a competition would limit the plasma glutamine and salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) drop caused by the competition. Also, it was assumed that supplementation would limit the presence of inflammation (C-reactive protein and haptoglobin) while stimulating the production of HSP- 72, reducing URTI and GD incidence and positively affecting indicators associated with recovery (assessed by a questionnaire: the RESTQ-Sport). As a second hypothesis, it was stipulated that the competition would have a physiological impact on the athletes. v The results of the trial, derived from traditional statistics and exploratory unsupervised multivariate statistical analyses (principal component analysis), showed no associated benefits for the athletes who received the glutamine supplement. No significant differences were observed between experimental groups in regards to concentrations of plasma glutamine, salivary IgA, CRP, haptoglobin and HSP-72. The RESTQ-Sport values were slightly influenced by the supplement, however. Although the sum of eight URTI severity symptoms appeared reduced in the group who received the upplement, very few athletes had contracted an actual infection, according to the definition used. Within the supplemented group, the incidence of gastrointestinal disorders was only significantly reduced in Phase B of the project. Lastly, with regards to the impacts of competition, no significant differences were compiled before and after competition measures. In summary, chronic supplementation of glutamine administered before, during, and after a swimming competition does not appear to have any benefits on the supplemented group of swimmers. However, given the presence of several methodological limitations beyond the study’s control and stemming from the nature of competitive sports, it would be incorrect to assert the ineffectiveness of glutamine supplementation on elite swimmers. These challenges further emphasize the complexity associated with the study of this very specific group. Thus, in subsequent research projects, verifying the effects of glutamine supplementation on an elite group of athletes will continue to be of the utmost importance. Given the complexity of obtaining a large homogenous sample size, increasing the frequency of measures will be necessary in order to compensate for large intra- and inter-individual variability in responses

Illustrated Glossary of Periglacial Phenomena

peer reviewe

Manual chronostasis: Tactile perception precedes physical contact

When saccading to a silent clock, observers sometimes think that the second hand has paused momentarily. This effect has been termed chronostasis and occurs because observers overestimate the time that they have seen the object of an eye movement. They seem to extrapolate its appearance back to just prior to the onset of the saccade rather than the time that it is actually fixated on the retina. Here, we describe a similar effect following an arm movement: subjects overestimate the time that their hand has been in contact with a newly touched object. The illusion's magnitude suggests backward extrapolation of tactile perception to a moment during the preceding reach. The illusion does not occur if the arm movement triggers a change in a continuously visible visual target: the time of onset of the change is estimated correctly. We hypothesize that chronostasis-like effects occur when movement produces uncertainty about the onset of a sensory event. Under these circumstances, the time at which neurons with receptive fields that shift in the temporal vicinity of a movement change their mappings may be used as a time marker for the onset of perceptual properties that are only established later

Project Lotus: A really cool community-based initiative assisting women post-homelessness

In Canada, recent conservative estimates report upwards of 235,000 individuals are homeless on a given night. Of those experiencing precarious housing situations, women make up approximately 30% and are among the most vulnerable. Their residential insecurity has been further exacerbated with the community and social restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Existing resources that assist women experiencing homelessness or housing insecurity are often stretched to the limit dealing with emergency and crisis housing situations, with less focus on post-shelter supports. To address this issue, a community-based participatory research initiative ‘Project Lotus - Hope Together’ was established in Montreal. Grounded in the World Health Organization’s Commission on Social Determinants of Health Framework, the overarching goal of this research is to co-design a housing supports program for women leaving a shelter stay. We created a cross-sectorial Advisory Committee consisting of women with lived experiences of homelessness, service providers, community leaders, and researchers. To date, we have conducted preliminary research (literature review, interviews with women with lived experience of homelessness, stakeholder meetings) to identity what has assisted women through this transition, and what barriers exist. We have also held virtual community consultation meetings to discuss preliminary findings of recommendations of key components that should be in a post-shelter support program for women. This presentation outlines the current findings and highlights the importance of participatory research. Implementing whole person care in the area of women’s homelessness requires both a comprehensive and individualized approach to help women and children secure home, health, and a sustainable future