501 research outputs found
The impact of labour regulations : measuring the effectiveness of legal norms in a developing country.
2019 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations : summary from the basic life support; advanced life support; pediatric life support; neonatal life support; education, implementation, and teams; and first aid task forces
The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation has initiated a continuous review of new, peer-reviewed, published cardiopulmonary resuscitation science. This is the third annual summary of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. It addresses the most recent published resuscitation evidence reviewed by International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Task Force science experts. This summary addresses the role of cardiac arrest centers and dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the role of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults and children, vasopressors in adults, advanced airway interventions in adults and children, targeted temperature management in children after cardiac arrest, initial oxygen concentration during resuscitation of newborns, and interventions for presyncope by first aid providers. Members from 6 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task forces have assessed, discussed, and debated the certainty of the evidence on the basis of the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria, and their statements include consensus treatment recommendations. Insights into the deliberations of the task forces are provided in the Justification and Evidence to Decision Framework Highlights sections. The task forces also listed priority knowledge gaps for further research
Reduction of blood loss in primary hip arthroplasty with tranexamic acid or fibrin spray: A randomized controlled trial
Alcohol Binge Drinking:Negative and Positive Valence System Abnormalities
This work was supported by an award from Dundee University Medical School (ref. AT27) to ST and JDS. Spectroscopy was supported by an unrestricted ‘Work in Progress’ agreement with Siemens.Background: Three million deaths occur each year due to alcohol misuse. Translational studies are crucial to translate preclinical findings to patients. Preclinical studies have highlighted abnormalities in specific brain systems with these forming the basis of allostasis theory. However, few studies have tested predictions in humans using neuroimaging. Methods: Here we used a Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach to testallostasis theory predictions of blunted positive valence system (PVS) and abnormally increased negative valence system (NVS) responses in fifty-seven binge alcohol drinking subjects and healthy controls who completed an instrumental task during fMRI. Results: As hypothesised, binge alcohol drinkers showed abnormally increased activity in NVS-linked regions such as the hippocampus and dorsal cingulate, and abnormally blunted activity in PVS-linked regions such as the striatum, compared to controls. Higher measures of problematic alcohol use were associated with more abnormal brain activity, only for binge drinkers who had been most recently drinking. Conclusions: These results support allostasis theory predictions of abnormally increased NVS and blunted PVS responses in binge alcohol drinkers. Further similar translational neuroimaging studies are indicated, particularly focusing on the NVSPostprintPeer reviewe
Exercise in obese pregnant women: The role of social factors, lifestyle and pregnancy symptoms
Background Physical activity may reduce the risk of adverse maternal outcomes, yet there are very few studies that have examined the correlates of exercise amongst obese women during pregnancy. We examined which relevant sociodemographic, obstetric, and health behaviour variables and pregnancy symptoms were associated with exercise in a small sample of obese pregnant women. Methods This was a secondary analysis using data from an exercise intervention for the prevention of gestational diabetes in obese pregnant women. Using the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ), 50 obese pregnant women were classified as "Exercisers" if they achieved ≥900 kcal/wk of exercise and "Non-Exercisers" if they did not meet this criterion. Analyses examined which relevant variables were associated with exercise status at 12, 20, 28 and 36 weeks gestation. Results Obese pregnant women with a history of miscarriage; who had children living at home; who had a lower pre-pregnancy weight; reported no nausea and vomiting; and who had no lower back pain, were those women who were most likely to have exercised in early pregnancy. Exercise in late pregnancy was most common among tertiary educated women. Conclusions Offering greater support to women from disadvantaged backgrounds and closely monitoring women who report persistent nausea and vomiting or lower back pain in early pregnancy may be important. The findings may be particularly useful for other interventions aimed at reducing or controlling weight gain in obese pregnant women
Targeted temperature management for adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: current concepts and clinical applications
Investigating antimalarial drug interactions of emetine dihydrochloride hydrate using CalcuSyn-based interactivity calculations
The widespread introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy has contributed to
recent reductions in malaria mortality. Combination therapies have a range of advantages,
including synergism, toxicity reduction, and delaying the onset of resistance acquisition.
Unfortunately, antimalarial combination therapy is limited by the depleting repertoire of
effective drugs with distinct target pathways. To fast-track antimalarial drug discovery, we
have previously employed drug-repositioning to identify the anti-amoebic drug, emetine
dihydrochloride hydrate, as a potential candidate for repositioned use against malaria.
Despite its 1000-fold increase in in vitro antimalarial potency (ED50 47 nM) compared with
its anti-amoebic potency (ED50 26±32 uM), practical use of the compound has been limited
by dose-dependent toxicity (emesis and cardiotoxicity). Identification of a synergistic partner
drug would present an opportunity for dose-reduction, thus increasing the therapeutic window.
The lack of reliable and standardised methodology to enable the in vitro definition of
synergistic potential for antimalarials is a major drawback. Here we use isobologram and
combination-index data generated by CalcuSyn software analyses (Biosoft v2.1) to define
drug interactivity in an objective, automated manner. The method, based on the median
effect principle proposed by Chou and Talalay, was initially validated for antimalarial application
using the known synergistic combination (atovaquone-proguanil). The combination was
used to further understand the relationship between SYBR Green viability and cytocidal versus
cytostatic effects of drugs at higher levels of inhibition. We report here the use of the
optimised Chou Talalay method to define synergistic antimalarial drug interactivity between
emetine dihydrochloride hydrate and atovaquone. The novel findings present a potential
route to harness the nanomolar antimalarial efficacy of this affordable natural product
Genomic Restructuring in the Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumour: Chromosome Painting and Gene Mapping Provide Clues to Evolution of a Transmissible Tumour
Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) is a fatal, transmissible malignancy that threatens the world's largest marsupial carnivore, the Tasmanian devil, with extinction. First recognised in 1996, DFTD has had a catastrophic effect on wild devil numbers, and intense research efforts to understand and contain the disease have since demonstrated that the tumour is a clonal cell line transmitted by allograft. We used chromosome painting and gene mapping to deconstruct the DFTD karyotype and determine the chromosome and gene rearrangements involved in carcinogenesis. Chromosome painting on three different DFTD tumour strains determined the origins of marker chromosomes and provided a general overview of the rearrangement in DFTD karyotypes. Mapping of 105 BAC clones by fluorescence in situ hybridisation provided a finer level of resolution of genome rearrangements in DFTD strains. Our findings demonstrate that only limited regions of the genome, mainly chromosomes 1 and X, are rearranged in DFTD. Regions rearranged in DFTD are also highly rearranged between different marsupials. Differences between strains are limited, reflecting the unusually stable nature of DFTD. Finally, our detailed maps of both the devil and tumour karyotypes provide a physical framework for future genomic investigations into DFTD
Structure and function of mammalian cilia
In the past half century, beginning with electron microscopic studies of 9Â +Â 2 motile and 9Â +Â 0 primary cilia, novel insights have been obtained regarding the structure and function of mammalian cilia. All cilia can now be viewed as sensory cellular antennae that coordinate a large number of cellular signaling pathways, sometimes coupling the signaling to ciliary motility or alternatively to cell division and differentiation. This view has had unanticipated consequences for our understanding of developmental processes and human disease
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