Possible experiment to check the reality of a nonequilibrium temperature

An experiment is proposed to check the physical reality of a nonequilibrium absolute temperature previously proposed from theoretical grounds in the framework of extended irreversible thermodynamics

Influence of elevated-CRP level-related polymorphisms in non-rheumatic Caucasians on the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis

Association between elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) serum levels and subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular (CV) events was described in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CRP, HNF1A, LEPR, GCKR, NLRP3, IL1F10, PPP1R3B, ASCL1, HNF4A and SALL1 exert an influence on elevated CRP serum levels in non-rheumatic Caucasians. Consequently, we evaluated the potential role of these genes in the development of CV events and subclinical atherosclerosis in RA patients. Three tag CRP polymorphisms and HNF1A, LEPR, GCKR, NLRP3, IL1F10, PPP1R3B, ASCL1, HNF4A and SALL1 were genotyped in 2,313 Spanish patients by TaqMan. Subclinical atherosclerosis was determined in 1,298 of them by carotid ultrasonography (by assessment of carotid intima-media thickness-cIMT-and presence/absence of carotid plaques). CRP serum levels at diagnosis and at the time of carotid ultrasonography were measured in 1,662 and 1,193 patients, respectively, by immunoturbidimetry. Interestingly, a relationship between CRP and CRP serum levels at diagnosis and at the time of the carotid ultrasonography was disclosed. However, no statistically significant differences were found when CRP, HNF1A, LEPR, GCKR, NLRP3, IL1F10, PPP1R3B, ASCL1, HNF4A and SALL1 were evaluated according to the presence/absence of CV events, carotid plaques and cIMT after adjustment. Our results do not confirm an association between these genes and CV disease in RA

Evaluation of appendicitis risk prediction models in adults with suspected appendicitis

Background Appendicitis is the most common general surgical emergency worldwide, but its diagnosis remains challenging. The aim of this study was to determine whether existing risk prediction models can reliably identify patients presenting to hospital in the UK with acute right iliac fossa (RIF) pain who are at low risk of appendicitis. Methods A systematic search was completed to identify all existing appendicitis risk prediction models. Models were validated using UK data from an international prospective cohort study that captured consecutive patients aged 16–45 years presenting to hospital with acute RIF in March to June 2017. The main outcome was best achievable model specificity (proportion of patients who did not have appendicitis correctly classified as low risk) whilst maintaining a failure rate below 5 per cent (proportion of patients identified as low risk who actually had appendicitis). Results Some 5345 patients across 154 UK hospitals were identified, of which two‐thirds (3613 of 5345, 67·6 per cent) were women. Women were more than twice as likely to undergo surgery with removal of a histologically normal appendix (272 of 964, 28·2 per cent) than men (120 of 993, 12·1 per cent) (relative risk 2·33, 95 per cent c.i. 1·92 to 2·84; P < 0·001). Of 15 validated risk prediction models, the Adult Appendicitis Score performed best (cut‐off score 8 or less, specificity 63·1 per cent, failure rate 3·7 per cent). The Appendicitis Inflammatory Response Score performed best for men (cut‐off score 2 or less, specificity 24·7 per cent, failure rate 2·4 per cent). Conclusion Women in the UK had a disproportionate risk of admission without surgical intervention and had high rates of normal appendicectomy. Risk prediction models to support shared decision‐making by identifying adults in the UK at low risk of appendicitis were identified

Thermodynamics of fluids under flow

xi, 231 p. : ill. ; 25 cm

Preparación de una multimedia para la enseñanza a distancia de la Química-Física : el potencial químico

Elaboración y preparación de una multimedia para la enseñanza a distancia de la Química-Física sobre el potencial químico, dirigido al tercer curso de Químicas en la asignatura de Termodinámica. Consiste en el análisis de técnicas audiovisuales que sirvan de instrumentos para la educación, con fines preferentemente didácticos y en consecuencia, elaborar una multimedia que cumpla con dichos fines. Primera fase: después de analizar diferentes técnicas audiovisuales se ha optado por la técnica denominada multimedia, que tiende a conservar la configuración de las unidades didácticas que se imparten en cada disciplina por la Universidad a Distancia. Segunda fase: elaboración de la multimedia. Esta consta de: texto de información para el conocimiento de cada tema (material escrito e impreso); serie de ejercicios de autocomprobación (material escrito); audiovisual constituido por un diaporama de 120 diapositivas más la parte sonora, liberado de aporte teórico (grabado de vidocasete) e inclusión de una simulación (ejercicios numéricos o experimento de laboratorio) haciendo uso de las técnicas de enseñanza por ordenador. Análisis comparativo de las diferentes técnicas audiovisuales y la evaluación de sus resultados en la enseñanza a distancia durante los años que se llevan utilizando. Conocidas las dificultades con que tropieza la Universidad a Distancia en las disciplinas científicas con trabajos experimentales (prácticas), el desarrollo de la multimedia aporta las siguientes soluciones: el estudiante a distancia tiene la posibilidad de autoevaluar su nivel de aprendizaje; puede prepararse para las evaluaciones que tiene que rendir en la universidad, le aporta información que le motiva para el estudio del tema. La simulación aporta una gran versatilidad en los cálculos y experimentos y el alumno desarrolla un diálogo con el procesador que le permite saber a cada paso del proceso de simulación su evaluación de cómo realiza el ejercicio. De alguna manera suple la falta de una enseñanza directa. El experimento realizado es concluyente en cuanto a las posibilidades de preparar material didáctico en la Universidad a Distancia para muchas disciplinas. Este material puede incluso ser asequible a los estudiantes sin un costo excesivo en su adquisición. De otra parte, habría que lograr una red de microprocesadores que sirvieran de aparatos de reproducción y de utilización del material de paso.MadridBiblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín, 5 - 3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; Fax +34917748026; [email protected]

Thermodynamics of fluids under flow

xi, 231 p. : ill. ; 25 cm

A non-equilibrium thermodynamic instability in shear-induced diffusion in polymer solutions

In the presence of shear flow, the constitutive equation for the diffusion flux in polymer solutions exhibits two kinds of coupling. One of these couplings comes from the viscous pressure contribution to the chemical potential, and the other one from the divergence of the viscous pressure tensor. The former contribution yields an effective diffusion coefficient depending on the viscous pressure, which may become negative in some circumstances. In such a case, an instability appears and the previously homogeneous system splits into two regions, with different solute concentrations – concentration banding. This separation depends on the polymer molecular mass and therefore it may provide a basis for the chromatographic separation of polymers of different molecular mass