CARACTERIZACIÓN MORFOLÓGICA DE CHILES SILVESTRES Y SEMIDOMESTICADOS DE LA REGIÓN HUASTECA DE MÉXICO

México, the Huasteca Region is found in the northeast of the country, covering the northern part of Veracruz, south of Tamaulipas, east of San Luis Potosí and northeast of Hidalgo; in its areas of natural vegetation there is an abundant variation of wild and semi-domesticated peppers (Capsicum spp.), among which the following groups predominate: piquín, piquín huasteco, chilpaya (Tabasco), pico de paloma (ozuluamero), mirador pico de pájaro and rayado. In a lower scale, there are variants of espinalteco and cuaresmeño jalapeños, chile de huerta and pajarito. Collections were made of the different biological types in order to characterize them morphologically; 102 accessions were identified and characterized from semi-domesticated and wild types that belonged to 10 racial groups, with two groups, piquín and piquín huasteco, standing out as a result of their abundance.En México, la Región Huasteca se encuentra enclavada en el noreste del país, cubriendo la parte norte de Veracruz, sur de Tamaulipas, oriente de San Luis Potosí y noreste de Hidalgo; en sus áreas de vegetación natural se localiza abundante variación de chiles (Capsicum spp) silvestres y semidomesticados, dentro de los cuales predominan los grupos piquín, piquín huasteco, chilpaya (Tabasco), pico de paloma (ozuluamero), mirador pico de pájaro y rayado. En menor escala se localizan variantes de jalapeños espinaltecos y cuaresmeños, chile de huerta y pajarito. Se realizaron recolectas de los diferentes tipos biológicos para caracterizarlos morfológicamente; fueron identificadas y caracterizadas 102 accesiones de tipos semidomesticados y silvestres pertenecientes a 10 grupos raciales, sobresaliendo por su abundancia el piquín y el piquín huasteco

Tractography dissection variability: What happens when 42 groups dissect 14 white matter bundles on the same dataset?

White matter bundle segmentation using diffusion MRI fiber tractography has become the method of choice to identify white matter fiber pathways in vivo in human brains. However, like other analyses of complex data, there is considerable variability in segmentation protocols and techniques. This can result in different reconstructions of the same intended white matter pathways, which directly affects tractography results, quantification, and interpretation. In this study, we aim to evaluate and quantify the variability that arises from different protocols for bundle segmentation. Through an open call to users of fiber tractography, including anatomists, clinicians, and algorithm developers, 42 independent teams were given processed sets of human whole-brain streamlines and asked to segment 14 white matter fascicles on six subjects. In total, we received 57 different bundle segmentation protocols, which enabled detailed volume-based and streamline-based analyses of agreement and disagreement among protocols for each fiber pathway. Results show that even when given the exact same sets of underlying streamlines, the variability across protocols for bundle segmentation is greater than all other sources of variability in the virtual dissection process, including variability within protocols and variability across subjects. In order to foster the use of tractography bundle dissection in routine clinical settings, and as a fundamental analytical tool, future endeavors must aim to resolve and reduce this heterogeneity. Although external validation is needed to verify the anatomical accuracy of bundle dissections, reducing heterogeneity is a step towards reproducible research and may be achieved through the use of standard nomenclature and definitions of white matter bundles and well-chosen constraints and decisions in the dissection process

Impact of Human Management on the Genetic Variation of Wild Pepper, Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum

Management of wild peppers in Mexico has occurred for a long time without clear phenotypic signs of domestication. However, pre-domestication management could have implications for the population's genetic richness. To test this hypothesis we analysed 27 wild (W), let standing (LS) and cultivated (C) populations, plus 7 samples from local markets (LM), with nine polymorphic microsatellite markers. Two hundred and fifty two alleles were identified, averaging 28 per locus. Allele number was higher in W, and 15 and 40% less in LS and C populations, respectively. Genetic variation had a significant population structure. In W populations, structure was associated with ecological and geographic areas according to isolation by distance. When LM and C populations where included in the analysis, differentiation was no longer apparent. Most LM were related to distant populations from Sierra Madre Oriental, which represents their probable origin. Historical demography shows a recent decline in all W populations. Thus, pre-domestication human management is associated with a significant reduction of genetic diversity and with a loss of differentiation suggesting movement among regions by man. Measures to conserve wild and managed populations should be implemented to maintain the source and the architecture of genetic variation in this important crop relative

Comportamiento productivo y niveles de ácidos grasos en la canal de corderos suplementados con Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saturated fatty acids (FA) in the carcass of ruminants represent a critical topic in human alimentation given by their relationship with cardiovascular diseases. In view of this, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) represents an alternative to modify the meat FA profile by increasing the ratio of deposited unsaturated FA, because of its high levels of unsaturated fatty acids. An experiment was carried out using 30 commercial growing lambs (20 ± 0.9 kg LW), distributed into three groups with 10 animals each, which was placed into one of three evaluated treatments: 0, 3, and 5g Sc animal-1 d-1, in order to determine the productive performance of the animals, plasmatic cholesterol levels, and FA deposited in the carcass. A totally random design was used. Data were analyzed using the PROC GLM, considering ten repetitions per treatment. Mean comparison of the treatments was done through the Tukey test. The results show that adding 3g animal-1 d-1 Sc partially decreased (p 0.05) daily weight gain. It also did not affect (p > 0.05) muscle area of the Longissimus dorsi, fat thickness and total cholesterol in the blood. As the Sc dose increased, the levels of myristic, palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids decreased (p 0.05) la ganancia diaria de peso. Tampoco afectó (p > 0.05) el área del músculo Longissimus dorsi, espesor de grasa dorsal y colesterol total en sangre. Al incrementar la dosis de Sc, disminuyó (p < 0.05) el nivel de ácido mirístico, palmítico, oleico y linoleico. Se no afecta el comportamiento productivo del animal, tampoco mejora el perfil de AG insaturados en la canal; sin embargo, disminuye las concentraciones de AG saturados

Elaboración de objetos de aprendizaje abiertos para ciencias agrícolas bajo la metodología PADDIEM

La investigación tuvo por objetivo elaborar objetos de aprendizaje abiertos (OAA)para ciencias agrícolas bajo la metodología PADDIEM. La pesquisa se planteó para trabajar en la creación de Recursos EducativosAbiertos (REA) en formato digitala manera de objetos de aprendizaje elaborados bajo modelos instruccionales con los que no se había trabajado en el Colegio de Postgraduados(CP). ElOAAsellevó a cabo en el Colegio de Postgraduados, campus Montecillo durante el primer semestre del año 2018. En la metodología, se comenzó con la elaboración de un esquema con la propuesta de un OAA en tres partes: pedagógica, computacional y diseño gráfico. Después, se analizaron diferentes modelos instruccionalespara el diseño de REA. A continuación, se hizo el planteamiento de la metodología de la planeación, análisis, diseño, desarrollo, implementación, evaluación y mantenimiento basada en modelos instruccionales (PADDIEM) por sus siglas en inglés y en buenas prácticas de Ingeniería de Software. En esta parte, se destacó tanto su arquitecturacomolos equipos multidisciplinariosde cada etapa.En los resultados, se mostraronejemplosde las fasesdonde participaronel equipo de diseño gráfico para la elaboración de un OAA del tema de modelo entidad-relación de bases de datos. Para concluir, la metodología PADDIEM propuesta sirvió para la elaboración de OAA para ser utilizados en Ciencias Agrícolas.The research aimed to develop open learning objects (OAA) for agricultural sciences under the PADDIEM methodology. The research was designed to work on the creation of Open Educational Resources (OER) in digital format as learning objects developed under instructional models that had not been worked in the Postgraduate School (CP). The OAA was held at the Postgraduate College, Montecillo campus during the first semester of 2018. In the methodology, it began with the development of a scheme with the proposalof an OAA in three parts: pedagogical, computational and graphic design. Afterwards, different instructional models were analyzed for the design of OER. Then, the planning methodology, analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation and maintenance based on instructional models (PADDIEM) and good practices of Software Engineering was made. In this part, both its architecture and the multidisciplinary teams of each stage were highlighted. In the results, there were examples of the phases where thegraphic design team participated for the elaboration of an OAA of the subject of model entity-relation of databases. To conclude, the proposed PADDIEM methodology was used to prepare OAA to be used in Agricultural Sciences

Validation of a questionnaire for the evaluation of clinical competencies in nutrition

Today's educational challenges require linking theory and practice in real settings to ensure meaningful learning and to respond to the social commitment of higher education institutions. At the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), nutrition studies follow the competency-based educational model. It is thus important to know the level of basic clinical competencies (Clinical History, Physiopathology, Procedures) that students of the Bachelor's Degree in Nutrition have. Objective: To validate an instrument that allows the evaluation of the level of basic clinical competencies acquired by the students enrolled in the Degree in Nutrition. Design and methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional observational study. All students enrolled at the beginning of the PAR-2018 semester (N=1018) were included as target population. The sample size was calculated by the formula for obtaining proportions with correction for finite population proposed in Daniel's book (2005), yielding as a minimum size a n=280 students, to potentiate the statistical study all students surveyed were included. In the first instance, the instrument was validated through 5 academicpairs using the Delphi system, the reliability through Cronbach's alpha and the main component tests for the exploratory factorial analysis and Spearman's for the confirmatory analysis. In order to validate the linear relationship with the semester studied, ANOVA and Bonferroni were used, based on the use of the statistical program Stata® v.14. Results: The questionnaire was applied to 622 students from first to eighth semester, 469 (75.4%) are women and 153 (24.6%) are men. The reliability of the scales resulted with Chronbach Alphas greater than 0.7. Conclusions The validated proposal of a questionnaire to evaluate clinical competencies is presented to students of Bachelor in Nutrition.Los desafíos educativos actuales requieren vincular la teoría y la práctica en entornos reales para asegurar un aprendizaje significativo y responder al compromiso social de las instituciones de educación superior. En la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), los estudios de nutrición siguen el modelo educativo basado en competencias. Por lo tanto, es importante conocer el nivel de competencias clínicas básicas (Historia Clínica, Fisiopatología, Procedimientos) que tienen los estudiantes del Grado en Nutrición. Objetivo: Validar un instrumento que permita la evaluación del nivel de competencias clínicas básicas adquiridas por los estudiantes matriculados en el Grado en Nutrición. Diseño y metodología: Se trata de un estudio observacional transversal analítico. Todos los estudiantes inscritos al comienzo del semestre PAR-2018 (N-1018) fueron incluidos como población objetivo. El tamaño de la muestra se calculó mediante la fórmula para obtener proporciones con corrección para la población finita propuesta en el libro de Daniel (2005), produciendo como tamaño mínimo un n-280 estudiantes, para potenciar el estudio estadístico todos los estudiantes encuestados fueron incluidos. En primer lugar, el instrumento fue validado a través de 5 pares académicos utilizando el sistema Delphi, la fiabilidad a través del alfa de Cronbach y las pruebas de componentes principales para el análisis factorial exploratorio y el de Spearman para el análisis confirmatorio. Para validar la relación lineal con el semestre estudiado, se utilizaron ANOVA y Bonferroni, basándose en el uso del programa estadístico Stata® v.14. Resultados: El cuestionario se aplicó a 622 estudiantes del primer al octavo semestre, 469 (75,4%) son mujeres y 153 (24,6%) son hombres. La fiabilidad de las básculas resultó con Chronbach Alphas superior a 0,7. Conclusiones La propuesta validada de un cuestionario para evaluar las competencias clínicas se presenta a los estudiantes de Licenciatura en Nutrición