Arquitectura funeraria. Estudio 3D con finalidad divulgativa para una selección de sepulturas bizantinas

[EN] The former polis of Tall-as-Sin (in the current province of Deir ez-Zor, Syria) grew considerably during Justinian's reign in the 6th century AD. Its cemetery, outside the walls, presents an extraordinary Byzantine necropolis, where 163 hypogea graves were documented, thanks to recent archaeological campaigns financed by the Ministry of Culture (PAMES-Sirio Euphrates Middle Archaeological Project). This paper presents the research for obtaining three-dimensional (3D) models of graves, selected in the cemetery, by combining information (obtained from planimetric and photographic surveys of the site) with taxonomic features (types of arcosolia, vaults, accesses, stairways...). The 3D modelling process is carried out using data collected during the survey of the graves. These data are then used to restore the surfaces which cover the burial chambers dug out in the ground. The modelling technique was based on generating surfaces, incorporating the different sections and profiles obtained during the data collection phase. The surfaces generated enclose the volume of the dug-out space so that the definitive grave models were obtained using a simple Boolean operation, removing these volumes from a prism-shaped piece representing a portion of the land, thus emptying the interior. The result has provided a reliable and rigorous graphic basis for the design and printing of 3D mockups, contributing to the dissemination of the exhibition called "A retrospective on five years of archaeological activities in Syria".Highlights:Contributing to Byzantine architecture classification in the Middle East, including specific case-studies, interesting both from archaeological and architectural research fields.Experimenting and investigating tools for the study, representation and conservation of archaeological finds, combining 3D digital and 3D printing mockups.Incorporating resources for promoting and disseminating archaeological and architectural heritage, raising awareness among local Syrian population and authorities, allowing them to rediscover their own heritage, often neglected.[ES] La antigua polis de Tall-as-Sin (en la actual provincia de Deir ez-Zor, Siria) cuenta con un importante desarrollo durante el reinado de Justiniano, durante el siglo VI d.C. Su cementerio, en la zona extramoenia, alberga un extraordinario conjunto funerario bizantino, con 163 hipogeos documentados hasta la fecha, gracias a recientes misiones arqueológicas, financiadas por el Ministerio de Cultura (“PAMES-Proyecto Arqueológico Medio Éufrates Sirio”). En este trabajo se presenta la labor realizada para modelar en 3D una selección de las tumbas más significativa del conjunto. Esto ha sido posible combinando información obtenida mediante el levantamiento planialtimétrico y fotográfico del lugar y realizando ábacos y taxonomías de los distintos recursos constructivos empleados (tipos de trazados de arcosolios, bóvedas, accesos, escalinatas…). El procedimiento de modelado tridimensional (3D) se inicia a partir de los datos recabados durante el proceso de levantamiento de las tumbas, con los que se logra restituir las superficies que constituyen la envolvente de cada una de las cámaras funerarias excavadas en el terreno. La técnica de modelado empleada se basó fundamentalmente en la generación de superficies mediante la interpolación entre las distintas secciones y perfiles obtenidos durante la fase de toma de datos. Las superficies así generadas encierran el volumen del espacio excavado, por lo que el modelo definitivo de las tumbas se consiguió mediante una sencilla operación booleana; esta consistió en sustraer estos volúmenes a una pieza prismática que representa una porción de terreno, obteniendo, de este modo, el vaciado del espacio interior. El resultado ha permitido tener una base gráfica fiable y rigurosa para idear e imprimir maquetas 3D, contribuyendo así a la labor de divulgación de la exposición denominada “Una retrospectiva sobre cinco años de actividades arqueológicas en Siria”.Directors of archaeological campaigns 2005/2010: Prof. Dr. Juan Luis Montero Fenollós, Universidad de la Coruña, España. Prof. Dr. Sylvie Blétry-Forestier, Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier, Francia. Directors of survey and preliminary studies of archaeological campaigns 2005/2010: Prof. Dr. Camilla Mileto (architecture), Prof. Dr. Fernando Vegas (architecture), Prof. Dr. José Luis García Lerma (topography). Drawing authors: 2005 campaign: Patricia Cruzans, J. Antonio García Esparza, Neus Vilalta; 2006 campaign: Valentina Cristini, Soledad García Saéz, José Miguel Zapata Peral; 2007 campaign: Valentina Cristini, María Martínez Martínez, Roberto Panato, Elisa Zacaria; 2008 campaign: María Diodato, Guillermo Guimaraens Igual, María Mestre Antoni, Elisa Zacaria; 2009 campaign: Lisa Barberini, Manuel Cason, Giovanni Dellai, Lourdes García Cerezuela, Lidia García Soriano; 2010 campaign: Lourdes García Cerezuela, Salvador Tomás Márquez. Production of 3D models: Pedro M. Cabezos Bernal, Valentina Cristini, Alicia Hueto, F. Javier Gómez Patrocinio. Topography consultants: Miguel Gaspar Soriano, Miriam Cabrelles López.Mileto, C.; Vegas López-Manzanares, F.; Cristini, V.; Cabezos Bernal, PM. (2021). Burial architecture. 3D dissemination study for a selection of Byzantine graves. Virtual Archaeology Review. 12(24):90-98. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2021.13187OJS90981224Banfi, F., Brumana, R., & Stanga, C. (2019). Extended reality and informative models for the architectural heritage: from scan-to-BIM process to virtual and augmented reality. Virtual Archaeology Review, 10(21), 14-30. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2019.11923Bessac, J. C. (2005). Techniques de marquage e de gravure sur Pierre. Actes du Colloque International de Glypthographie, (pp. 57-73). Brain Le Château: Sifée.Bessac, J. C. (1999). L'arquéologie de la pierre de taille. La construction: la pierre, (4), 9-52.Blétry-Forestier, S. (2015). Zénobia-Halabiya, habitat urbain et nécropoles: cinq années de recherches de la mission syro-française (2006-2010) (pp. 572-). Sociedad Luso-Gallega de Estudios Mesopotamicos.Boochs, F., Trémeau, A., Murphy, O., Gerke, M., Lerma, J. L., Karmacharya, A., & Karaszewski, M. (2014). Towards a knowledge model bridging technologies and applications in cultural heritage documentation. Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, II(5), 81-88. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-II-5-81-2014Calvo Hernando, M. (2001). Divulgación y periodismo científico, entre la claridad y la exactitud. Ciudad de México: Universidad Autónomica de México.Dentzer, J. M., & Orthmann, W. (1989). Archéologie et Histoire de la Syrie. Saarbüken: Erps.Fenollós J. L., & Al-Shbib, S. (2008). La necrópolis bizantina de Tall-es-Sin (Deir ez-Zor, Siria). Memorias del Proyecto Arqueológico Medio Éufrates Sirio-I, Madrid: CSIC.Henson, D. (2004). Archaeology and education, an exercise in constructing the past. Treballs d'Arqueologia, 10, 5-12.Hupperetz, W., Carlani, R., Pletinckx, D., & Pietroni, E. (2012). Etruscanning 3D project. The 3D reconstruction of the Regolini Galassi Tomb as a research tool and a new approach in storytelling. Virtual Archaeology Review, 3(7) ,92-96. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2012.4395Iturbe, A., Cachero, R., Cañal, D., & Martos, A. (2018). Virtual digitization of caves with parietal Paleolithic art from Bizkaia. Scientific analysis and dissemination through new visualization techniques. Virtual Archaeology Review, 9(18), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2018.7579Knoll, W., & Hechinger, M. (2001). Maquetas de arquitectura, técnica y construcción. Ciudad de México: Gustavo Gili.Krautheimer, R. (1989). Early Christian and byzantine architecture, London: Pinguin.Kuzminsky, S. C., & Gardiner, M. S. (2012). Three-dimensional laser scanning:potential uses for museum conservation and scientific research. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39(8), 2744-2751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.04.020Lauffray, J. (1983). Halabiyya-Zenobia, place forte du limes oriental et la haute Mésopotamie au VI siècle. Les duchs frontaliers de Mesopotamie et les fortifications de Zenobia (Vol. 1). Paris: Geuthner.Lauffray, J. (1991). Halabiyya-Zenobia, place forte du limes oriental et la haute Mésopotamie au VI siècle. L'architecture publique, prive et funerarie (Vol. 2). Paris: Geuthner.Lentini, D. (2009). The funeral area in "Ponte Della Lama Canosa" (III-VI century). An hypothesis of 3D historicalmonumental reconstruction. International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science, XXXVIII-5/W1. https://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXXVIII/5-W1/pdf/lentini.pdfLerma, J. L., & Muir, C. (2014). Evaluating the 3D documentation of an early Christian upright stone with carvings from Scotland with multiples images. Journal of Archaeological Science, 46, 311-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.02.026Mango, C. (1985). Byzantine Architecture (pp. 54-123). Milan: Electa.Manzano, S. (2019). Arquitectura funeraria en el conjunto arqueológico Tell Keila: levantamiento, caracterización, y estado de conservación, Final Master Thesis, Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, unpublished. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/126334Manzano, S., Vegas, F., Cristini, V., & Hueto, A. (2020). A burial grave at Tell Keila, Palestine. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLIV. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-M-1-2020-999-2020Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Guimaraens, G., & Diodato, M. (2008). The preliminary study of the western Basilica of Zenobia-Halabieh city. Arché, 3, 249-256. https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/31840Mileto, C., Vegas, F., Cristini, V. & García Sáez, S. (2018). Al hilo entre la arquitectura y la arqueología: estudio y caracterización de construcciones bizantinas en Siria. Restauro Archeologico, 27(1), 44-65. http://doi.org/10.13128/RA-23460Montero, J. L., & Al-Shbib, S. (Eds.) (2008). La necrópolis bizantina de Tall As-Sin (Deir Ez-Zor, Siria). Madrid: CSIC.Ponchio, F., Callieri M., Dellepiane, M., & Scopigno, R. (2020). Effective Annotations over 3D Models. Computer Graphics Forum, 39(1), 89-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.13664Reda Sbeinati, M., Darawcheh, R., & Mouty, M. (2005). The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D. Annals of Geophysics, 48(3), 347-435.Rossi, A., & Cabezos, P. M. (2018). Il valore paradigmatico del Grande Plastico di Pompei. Disegnare Idee Immagini, 48(3), 62-71.Sarte, M. (2001). D'alexandre a Zenobie, Histoire du Levant Antique, Paris: Points.Stampouloglou, M. Toska, O., Tapinaki, S., Kontogianni, G., Skamantzari, M., & Georgopoulos, A. (2020). Archaeological anastylosis of two Macedonian tombs in a 3D virtual environment. Virtual Archaeology Review, 11(22), 26-40. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2020.11877Statham, N. (2019). Scientific rigour of online platforms for 3D visualization of heritage. Virtual Archaeology Review, 10(20), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2019.9715Talaverano, R. (2014). Documentación gráfica de edificios históricos: principios, aplicaciones y perspectivas. Arqueología de la Arquitectura, 11, 1-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/arq.arqt.2014.014Tryfona, M. S., & Georgopoulos, A. (2016). 3D image based geometric documentation of the Tower of Winds. International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science, XLI-B5, 969-975. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLI-B5-969-2016Valle Melón, J. M., Lopetegi Galarraga, A., & Rodriguez Miranda, A. (2005). Problems when generating virtual models representing real objects: Hondarribia walls. In R. Vergnieux & C. Delevoie (Eds.), Virtual Retrospect 2005. Ausonius.Vegas, F., Mileto, C., & Cristini, V. (2007). Hypogeum Tombs in the Byzantine Necropolis at Tall-es Sinn, Syria. Arché, 2, 159-166. https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/32261Vegas, F., Mileto, C., García Soriano, L., & García Sáez, S. (2011). Estudio previo de la ciudad y la necrópolis de Zenobia-Halabiyeh (Siria). Arché, (6-7), 471-480. https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/3464

THE EUROPEAN PROJECT "VERSUS+ / HERITAGE FOR PEOPLE". OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

Abstract. The project "VerSus+ / Heritage for PEOPLE", founded by the European Commission as part of the Creative Europe Culture Programme (Ref. 607593-CREA-1-2019-1-ES-CULT-COOP1) during the period 2019–2023, focuses on the transmission of knowledge to all branches of society and the general public. Its aim is to raise awareness on what constitutes the basis for the conservation of the tangible and intangible heritage as well as for a more sustainable contemporary architecture. This in-depth transmission of the lessons from vernacular heritage to future society is to be carried out in specific defined contexts, such as islands and archipelagos (geographically limited territories that are accessible to collaborators and administrative, technical and social agents), where vernacular heritage is under pressure, subjected to the transformations of contemporary life, particularly mass tourism. These pilot experiences should serve as a real testing ground for the implementation of actions for social participation, dissemination, education, communication, and promotion in different contexts and through different media. This project aims to reach out to society in order to showcase the sustainable qualities of the examples identified, through the establishment of an operative approach that can be adjusted to different contexts. The experiences on each island are expected to have repercussions throughout the region and, in turn, throughout the country in question, improving the perspectives and opportunities starting from best practices, and promoting the development of local skills. In addition, promotion and support from partners and associate partners will allow these experiences to be applied in other similar European and international contexts

El arquitecto Rafael Guastavino (1842-1908): obra en cuatro actos

This text presents extensive new information on the figure of architect Rafael Guastavino Moreno (1842-1908), those around him, and his personal and family relationships with architecture. It also examines other artistic fields and trades such as music, carpentry and winemaking, all of which influenced and obtained feedback for Guastavino?s architecture within the historical, political and economic situation of the three places where he lived in Spain: Valencia, Barcelona and Almudévar (Huesca), before emigrating to the United States of America, where his successful professional career as an architect is widely recognized in the literature

Criteria and intervention techniques in rammed earth structures. The restoration of Bofilla tower at Bétera (Valencia)

[ES] Este artículo expone una reflexión sobre los diversos criterios y técnicas de intervención en las construcciones de tapia realizadas en España en las últimas décadas, las dificultades intrínsecas de esta delicada operación y las consecuencias que se derivan de cada una de las opciones posibles para la conservación de la autenticidad, la materialidad, las trazas impresas de sus fábricas, etc. Para ello, realiza en primer lugar un breve repaso al abanico de diversas variantes de tapia existentes en la península que plantean problemáticas diversas de restauración a tenor de su enjundia constructiva. En segundo lugar, presenta tres grandes grupos de intervenciones, a saber, las intervenciones con recuperación de volúmenes, la restauración con sustitución de superficies y las actuaciones de conservación y protección de las fábricas. Estos tres tipos de intervenciones se ilustran con ejemplos de las últimas tres décadas en el territorio español, donde se describen sucintamente tanto los criterios y las técnicas empleadas como los resultados obtenidos tras el proceso de intervención. Por último, y como conclusión del estudio sobre todos estos criterios y técnicas y a la luz de los resultados habidos a lo largo de las últimas décadas, presenta en detalle el estudio previo, los criterios, las técnicas y las modalidades de puesta en obra en la restauración de la torre Bofilla en Bétera (Valencia) realizada por los autores, como posible opción de intervención en estructuras históricas de tapia.[EN] This article presents a reflection on the various criteria and intervention techniques in rammed earth constructions carried out in Spain over the last decades, the intrinsic difficulties of this delicate operation and consequences resulting from each possible option for conservation of the authenticity, materiality, imprinted traces of its factories, and so on. First of all, it takes place a brief overview to the range of rammed earth variants existing on the Iberian Peninsula, that present various problems for restoration because of their different constructive devices that raise specific issues when it comes to restore them. Secondly, it introduces three great groups of interventions, ie, interventions recovering lost volumes, surfaces substitution restoration and conservation and protection actions of the historic fabrics. These three types of interventions are explained through examples done during the last three decades in Spain, where a briefly description both of the applied criteria and employed techniques and the results obtained after the intervention process. Finally, as a conclusion of the study on all these criteria and techniques and taking into account the results collected over recent decades, the restoration of Bofilla tower at Bétera (Valencia), done by the authors of this paper, is displayed with its study, analysis, criteria, techniques and on site implementation, as a possible option for the historic rammed earth structures restoration.Mileto ., C.; Vegas López-Manzanares, F.; López, JM. (2011). Criterios y técnicas de intervención en tapia. La restauración de la torre Bofilla de Bétera (Valencia). Informes de la Construcción. 63(523):81-96. doi:10.3989/ic.10.014S81966352

cytokines in the nasal washes of children with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis

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Chagas disease knocks on our door : A cross-sectional study among Latin American immigrants in Milan, Italy

Objectives: We aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors for Chagas disease (CD) in Latin American immigrants and to evaluate the accuracy of diagnostic tests. Moreover, we offered to all positive subjects a complete free-of-charge clinical/instrumental evaluation as well as benznidazole treatment in order to stage the disease and verify drug tolerability. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of CD among Latin Americans living in Milan and its metropolitan area was conducted between July 2013 and July 2014. Blood samples were tested for serologic evidence of CD together with a questionnaire covering demographic and clinical-epidemiological information. Results: Forty-eight (9.6%) of the 501 tested subjects were conclusively diagnosed as having CD. The highest prevalence of CD was among those from Bolivia (43/169, 25.4%) and El Salvador (4/68, 5.9%). Older age (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)] 1.05, p =0.004), a Bolivian origin (aOR 8.80; p =0.003), being born in the department of Santa Cruz (aOR 3.72, p =0.047), having lived in mud houses (aOR 2.68; p =0.019), and having an affected relative (aOR 12.77, p =0.001) were independently associated with CD. The ARCHITECT Chagas test showed the highest sensitivity (100%) and specificity (99.8%). Twenty-nine of the subjects with CD (60.4%) underwent disease staging, 10 of whom (35.7%) showed cardiac and/or digestive involvement. Benznidazole treatment was associated with high frequency of adverse reactions (19/27, 70.4%) and permanent discontinuation (8/27, 29.6%). Conclusions: CD is highly prevalent among Bolivians and Salvadorans living in Milan. Regions with a large Latin American immigrant population should implement programmes of active detection and treatment

Multidecadal High Mortality Disease Events in Australian Domestic Geese Associated with a Novel Alphaherpesvirus, Designated Anatid Alphaherpevirus 2

Herpesviruses are ubiquitous viruses which infect a wide range of hosts. Novel herpesviruses are being increasingly detected in free-ranging bird populations and there are growing concerns for cross-species infection and spillover events. Herein, multiple sporadic outbreaks of mortality caused by a herpesvirus are described in domestic geese in Queensland, Australia. Goose herpesvirus was initially detected in 1989 in south-east Queensland, and this article details four further recent outbreaks and reports novel genome sequencing and phylogeny of the preliminarily designated anatid alphaherpesvirus 2 (AnHV-2). Affected flocks were housed outdoors and comingled with other domesticated and wild anseriforms and other birds which were unaffected by disease. Affected geese displayed anorexia, lethargy, weakness, vomiting, and diarrhoea prior to death within 12–24 hr of the onset of clinical signs. Post-mortem examinations showed variable hepatic necrosis, splenic necrosis, fibrinonecrotising enteritis, lymphoid necrosis, necrotising thymitis, necrotising adrenalitis, and vasculitis. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in hepatocytes, biliary epithelium, small intestinal mucosal epithelium, thymus, endothelial cells, ovarian stromal cells, adrenal cortical cells, and neuronal cell bodies in peripheral nerve ganglia. Transmission electron microscopy visualised herpesviral particles in virus culture supernatant, and within the nuclei of hepatocytes, biliary epithelium, and endothelial cells in case tissues. The genome sequence of this herpesvirus, designated anatid alphaherpesvirus 2 (AnHV-2), is described. While investigating goose mortalities, archived isolate from a swan with suspected herpesvirus infection was tested and genome sequencing identified a further novel herpesvirus, proposed anatid alphaherpesvirus 3 (AnHV-3). The AnHV-2 and AnHV-3 genomes were more similar to each other, with a nucleotide identity of 76.1%, than to reference genome sequences. Phylogenetically, the new genomes formed a distinct clade within the alphaherpesvirus genus Mardivirus. We sequenced four AnHV-2 genomes from different cases and these did not display consistent divergence over time or distance. Expanded surveillance and outbreak testing are recommended, facilitated by the development of a specific real-time PCR for the rapid detection of AnHV-2

Favorable therapeutic response with an antiretroviral salvage regimen in an HIV-1-positive subject infected with a CRF11-cpx virus

HIV drug resistance still represents a crucial problem in antiretroviral therapy. We report a case of a naive patient, harboring a CRF11-cpx virus, which showed drug resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase. Drug resistance genotyping test was performed for pol (protease, reverse transcriptase, and integrase) and V3 regions. The initial clinical parameters results showed a 4 logs level of HIV-RNA (12,090 cp/mL) and a very low CD4+ cell count (35 cells/\ub5L). We designed an initial HAART regimen including 3TC+ABC+DRV/r. The virus resulted highly resistant to all NRTIs and NNRTIs except to ABC, TDF, and EFV and susceptible to all PIs and INIs. A salvage regimen including RAL+DRV/r was started. Ten months after, the immuno-virological status shows CD4+ 142/\ub5L and HIV-RNA <37 cp/mL. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of a treatment combination that includes RAL+DRV/r in a patient infected with a complex X4-tropic CRF11-cpx virus

Widespread exploitation of the honeybee by early Neolithic farmers.

This is the author's version of an article subsequently published in Nature. The definitive version is available from the publisher via: doi: 10.1038/nature15757.Copyright © 2015, Rights Managed by Nature Publishing GroupThe pressures on honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations, resulting from threats by modern pesticides, parasites, predators and diseases, have raised awareness of the economic importance and critical role this insect plays in agricultural societies across the globe. However, the association of humans with A. mellifera predates post-industrial-revolution agriculture, as evidenced by the widespread presence of ancient Egyptian bee iconography dating to the Old Kingdom (approximately 2400 BC). There are also indications of Stone Age people harvesting bee products; for example, honey hunting is interpreted from rock art in a prehistoric Holocene context and a beeswax find in a pre-agriculturalist site. However, when and where the regular association of A. mellifera with agriculturalists emerged is unknown. One of the major products of A. mellifera is beeswax, which is composed of a complex suite of lipids including n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids and fatty acyl wax esters. The composition is highly constant as it is determined genetically through the insect's biochemistry. Thus, the chemical 'fingerprint' of beeswax provides a reliable basis for detecting this commodity in organic residues preserved at archaeological sites, which we now use to trace the exploitation by humans of A. mellifera temporally and spatially. Here we present secure identifications of beeswax in lipid residues preserved in pottery vessels of Neolithic Old World farmers. The geographical range of bee product exploitation is traced in Neolithic Europe, the Near East and North Africa, providing the palaeoecological range of honeybees during prehistory. Temporally, we demonstrate that bee products were exploited continuously, and probably extensively in some regions, at least from the seventh millennium cal BC, likely fulfilling a variety of technological and cultural functions. The close association of A. mellifera with Neolithic farming communities dates to the early onset of agriculture and may provide evidence for the beginnings of a domestication process.Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)English HeritageEuropean Research Council (ERC)Leverhulme TrustMinistère de la Culture et de la CommunicationMinistère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la RechercheRoyal SocietyWellcome Trus