A Simulation of High Latitude F-Layer Instabilities in the Presence of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling

A magnetic-field-line-integrated model of plasma interchange instabilities is developed for the high latitude ionosphere including magnetospheric coupling effects. We show that primary magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling effect is to incorporate the inertia of the magnetospheric plasma in the analysis. As a specific example, we present the first simulation of the E x B instability in the inertial regime, i.e., nu sub i omega where nu sub i is the ion-neutral collision frequency and omega is the wave frequency. We find that the inertial E x B instability develops in a fundamentally different manner than in the collisional case ni sub i omega. Our results show that striations produced in the inertial regime are spread and retarded by ion inertial effects, and result in more isotropic irregularities than those seen in the collisional case

Korkeakouluopiskelijoiden mentaaliharjoittelun strategiat pianon- ja kitaransoitossa

Tiivistelmä. Mentaaliharjoittelua käytetään musiikin opetuksessa vain vähän, vaikka esimerkiksi urheilun valmennuksessa mentaaliharjoittelua on hyödynnetty jo pitkään. Kokemuksemme mukaan mentaaliharjoittelulla on merkittävät mahdollisuudet musiikin harjoittelun tukena. Musiikin opetuksessa mentaaliharjoittelu ei ole tullut juurikaan vastaan, vaikka monesti paljon matkustavan muusikon työnkuvaan se sopisi erinomaisesti. Mentaaliharjoittelu mahdollistaisi musiikillisten taitojen opettelun myös kotona, vaikka instrumentteja ei olisikaan käytettävissä. Tutkimuksessamme tarkastelimme mentaaliharjoittelua ja siinä käytettyjä strategioita. Käytimme työssämme eksploratiivista menetelmää ja avointa haastattelua aineistonkeruussa. Tutkittavat soittivat neljä eri kappaletta: kaksi pianolla ja kaksi kitaralla. Molemmilla soittimilla soitettiin kappale harjoitellen perinteisellä tavalla (soittimen kanssa) sekä kappale harjoitellen mentaalisesti (ilman soitinta). Soittotilanteet videoitiin, jonka jälkeen tutkittavat haastateltiin stimulated recall -tyylisesti. Kappaleet sävellettiin tutkimusta varten, jotta ne olisivat tutkittaville entuudestaan tuntemattomia. Aineistomme koostuu soittosuoritusten videomateriaalista sekä avoimen haastattelun litteroidusta tekstistä, joka on analysoitu sisällönanalyysin avulla. Tutkittavat käyttivät mentaaliharjoittelun strategioina musiikillisten taitojen hyödyntämistä sekä yleisten kognitiivisten taitojen hyödyntämistä. Esiin nousseita musiikillisia strategioita olivat esimerkiksi auditiivisuus, kinesteettisyys sekä visualisuus. Yleisiä kognitiivisia taitoja tässä tutkimuksessa ovat esimerkiksi mieleen painaminen ilman musiikillista kontekstia sekä ulkoa opettelu. Harjoittelustrategiat eivät juuri eronneet kitaran ja pianon välillä — tosin pääinstrumenteillaan soittaessaan tutkittavat suoriutuivat tehtävistä paremmin. Verrattaessa mentaaliharjoittelua perinteiseen soittoharjoitteluun harjoittelustrategiat olivat hyvin samankaltaisia, mutta käytetyt musiikilliset strategiat erosivat hieman toisistaan. Tutkimus osoitti, että tutkittavista parhaisiin mentaaliharjoittelun tuloksiin pääsivät he, jotka pystyivät käyttämään harjoittelun strategioina musiikillisia strategioita. Myös he, jotka pystyivät ”niputtamaan” työmuistinsa rajallista kapasiteettia musiikin kokonaisvaltaisen ymmärtämisen avulla, suoriutuivat vahvasti mentaaliharjoittelusta. Heikommin tehtävistä suoriutui, mikäli harjoittelu jäi yleisten kognitiivisten taitojen varaan. Tällöin ajattelua ei liitetty ollenkaan musiikkiin, vaan kappaleet opeteltiin enemmänkin lyhytkestoisen ja pienikapasiteettisen työmuistin rajoissa.Strategies for university students’ mental training in playing the piano and the guitar. Abstract. Mental training is seldom used in teaching music, although it has long been used for instance in sports coaching. Our experience shows that mental training has a significant potential to support music training. In music teaching, mental training has hardly been encountered, even though it would be perfect for musicians who are often travelling. Mental training would also allow learning musical skills at home, even when no instruments are available. In our study, we examined mental training and strategies used in it. Our research used an exploratory method and an open interview in data collection. The subjects played four different musical pieces: two on the piano and two on the guitar. Both instruments were used to play a song that had been practised in the traditional way (with the instrument) and a song that had been practised mentally (without the instrument). The playing situations were recorded on video, and the subjects were interviewed in a stimulated recall style. The musical pieces were composed for the research, so they were unknown to the subjects. Our material consists of the video material of the playing performances and the transcript of the open interview, which has been analysed using content analysis. The subjects used exploitation of musical skills and exploitation of general cognitive skills as strategies for mental training. The musical skills that emerged were, for example, audacity, kinesthetics, and visualization. Common cognitive skills in this study included for example memorizing without musical context and committing to memory. Training strategies did not differ to any great extent between the guitar and the piano — although the subjects performed better when playing their main instrument. Training strategies were very similar when mental training was compared to traditional practice, but the musical strategies used differed slightly. The study showed that the subjects who obtained the best results from mental training were those who were able to use musical strategies as training strategies. Also, those subjects performed strongly on mental training who were able to “bundle” the limited capacity of their working memory through comprehensive understanding of music. Weaker performance was observed by those who used just general cognitive skills for training. In this case, thinking was not connected to music at all, instead the songs were learned more within the limits of short-term and low-capacity working memory

Mode resolved density of atmospheric aerosol particles

In this study, we investigate the mode resolved density of ultrafine atmospheric particles measured in boreal forest environment. The method used here enables us to find the distinct density information for each mode in atmospheric fine particle population: the density values for nucleation, Aitken, and accumulation mode particles are presented. The experimental data was gained during 2 May 2005–19 May 2005 at the boreal forest measurement station "SMEAR II" in Hyytiälä, Southern Finland. The density values for accumulation mode varied from 1.1 to 2 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (average 1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) and for Aitken mode from 0.4 to 2 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (average 0.97 g/cm<sup>3</sup>). As an overall trend during the two weeks campaign, the density value of Aitken mode was seen to gradually increase. With the present method, the time dependent behaviour of the particle density can be investigated in the time scale of 10 min. This allows us to follow the density evolution of the nucleation mode particles during the particle growth process following the nucleation burst. The density of nucleation mode particles decreased during the growth process. The density values for 15 nm particles were 1.2–1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> and for grown 30 nm particles 0.5–1 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. These values are consistent with the present knowledge that the condensing species are semi-volatile organics, emitted from the boreal forest

Assessment of time limit at lowest speed corresponding to maximal oxygen consumption in the four competitive swimming strokes

Time limit at lowest speed of maximal oxygen consumption (TLim-v O2max) was characterized in the 4 swimming strokes, and related with O2max and anaerobic threshold (AnT). 23 elite swimmers performed an incremental protocol for v O2max assessment. 48 hours later, Tlim-v O2max was assessed. O2 was directly measured BxB (K4 b2, Cosmed, Italy) and AnT was assessed individually (YSI 1500L Sport, USA). Tlim-v O2max values were 238.8±39.0, 246.1±51.9, 277.6±85.6 and 331.4±82.7 s in crawl, backstroke, butterfly, and breaststroke (no differences observed). No correlations were found between Tlim-v O2max and O2max, and AnT. However, inverse relationships were observed between Tlim-v O2max and v O2max (r=-0.63, p<0.01) and vAnT (r=-0.52, p=0.01), pointing out that the higher the velocities commonly related to aerobic proficiency, the lower the TLim- v O2max

Time limit at the minimum velocity of VO2max and intracyclic variation of the velocity of the centre of mass

The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between time limit at the minimum velocity that elicits maximal oxygen consumption (TLim-vVO2max) and intra-cyclic variations of the velocity of the centre of mass (dv) in the four competitive swimming techniques. Twelve elite male swimmers SWIMMING BIOENERGETICS Rev Port Cien Desp 190 6(Supl.2) 185–197 swam their own best technique until exhaustion at their previously determined v O2max to assess TLim-v O2max. The test was videotaped in the sagittal plan and the APAS software was used to evaluate the horizontal velocity of the centre of mass (Vcm) and its intra-cyclic variation (dv) per swimming technique. Results pointed out that the strokes that presented higher intra-cyclic variations also presented larger values of TLim. Intra-cyclic speed fluctuations (dv) decreased during the TLim test in the four strokes studied, probably due to fatigue. Key words: VO2, intra-cyclic velocity variations, time limit, centre of mass.Authors want to express their gratitude to the Portuguese National Team, and the Portuguese Swimming Federation, for their cooperation

Interaction between parental psychosis and early motor development and the risk of schizophrenia in a general population birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: Delayed motor development in infancy and family history of psychosis are both associated with increased risk of schizophrenia, but their interaction is largely unstudied. AIM: To investigate the association of the age of achieving motor milestones and parental psychosis and their interaction in respect to risk of schizophrenia. METHODS: We used data from the general population-based prospective Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (n=10,283). Developmental information of the cohort members was gathered during regular visits to Finnish child welfare clinics. Several registers were used to determine the diagnosis of schizophrenia among the cohort members and psychosis among the parents. Altogether 152 (1.5%) individuals had schizophrenia by the age of 46 years, with 23 (15.1%) of them having a parent with psychosis. Cox regression analysis was used in analyses. RESULTS: Parental psychosis was associated (P<0.05) with later achievement of holding the head up, grabbing an object, and walking without support. In the parental psychosis group, the risk for schizophrenia was increased if holding the head up (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.46; degrees of freedom [df]=1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.07-5.66) and touching the thumb with the index finger (HR: 1.84; df=1; 95% CI: 1.11-3.06) was later. In the group without parental psychosis, a delay in the following milestones increased the risk of schizophrenia: standing without support and walking without support. Parental psychosis had an interaction with delayed touching thumb with index finger (HR: 1.87; df=1; 95% CI: 1.08-3.25) when risk of schizophrenia was investigated. CONCLUSIONS: Parental psychosis was associated with achieving motor milestones later in infancy, particularly the milestones that appear early in a child's life. Parental psychosis and touching the thumb with the index finger had a significant interaction on risk of schizophrenia. Genetic risk for psychosis may interact with delayed development to raise future risk of schizophrenia, or delayed development may be a marker of other risk processes that interact with genetic liability to cause later schizophrenia.This study was supported by grants from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, Northern Finland Health Care Support Foundation, Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, and the Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation, Finland. NFBC 1966 received financial support from the Academy of Finland (104781, 120315, 129269, 1114194, 24300796, 268336, 278286), Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics and SALVE, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland, Biocenter of Oulu, Finland, University of Oulu, Finland (75617, 24002054, 2400692), Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (50459, 50691, 50842, 2749, 2465), NHLBI grant 5R01HL087679-02 through the STAMPEED program (1RL1MH083268-01), NIH/NIMH (5R01MH63706:02), ENGAGE project and grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-(201413), EU FP7 EurHEALTHAgeing (277849), EU FP7 EurHealth Epi-Migrant (279143), European Regional Development Fund 537/2010 (24300936) and the Medical Research Council, UK (G0500539, G0600705, G1002319, PrevMetSyn/SALVE).This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.04.00

Хромоколоноскопия как метод улучшения эндоскопического изображения

КОЛОНОСКОПИЯЭНДОСКОПИЯхромоскопияПОЛИПЫМЕТИЛЕНОВЫЙ СИНИ

Future changes in Mekong River hydrology: impact of climate change and reservoir operation on discharge

The transboundary Mekong River is facing two ongoing changes that are expected to significantly impact its hydrology and the characteristics of its exceptional flood pulse. The rapid economic development of the riparian countries has led to massive plans for hydropower construction, and projected climate change is expected to alter the monsoon patterns and increase temperature in the basin. The aim of this study is to assess the cumulative impact of these factors on the hydrology of the Mekong within next 20–30 yr. We downscaled the output of five general circulation models (GCMs) that were found to perform well in the Mekong region. For the simulation of reservoir operation, we used an optimisation approach to estimate the operation of multiple reservoirs, including both existing and planned hydropower reservoirs. For the hydrological assessment, we used a distributed hydrological model, VMod, with a grid resolution of 5 km &amp;times; 5 km. In terms of climate change's impact on hydrology, we found a high variation in the discharge results depending on which of the GCMs is used as input. The simulated change in discharge at Kratie (Cambodia) between the baseline (1982–1992) and projected time period (2032–2042) ranges from &amp;minus;11% to &amp;plus;15% for the wet season and &amp;minus;10% to &amp;plus;13% for the dry season. Our analysis also shows that the changes in discharge due to planned reservoir operations are clearly larger than those simulated due to climate change: 25–160% higher dry season flows and 5–24% lower flood peaks in Kratie. The projected cumulative impacts follow rather closely the reservoir operation impacts, with an envelope around them induced by the different GCMs. Our results thus indicate that within the coming 20–30 yr, the operation of planned hydropower reservoirs is likely to have a larger impact on the Mekong hydrograph than the impacts of climate change, particularly during the dry season. On the other hand, climate change will increase the uncertainty of the estimated reservoir operation impacts: our results indicate that even the direction of the flow-related changes induced by climate change is partly unclear. Consequently, both dam planners and dam operators should pay closer attention to the cumulative impacts of climate change and reservoir operation on aquatic ecosystems, including the multibillion-dollar Mekong fisheries

Effect of dimethylamine on the gas phase sulfuric acid concentration measured by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Sulfuric acid is widely recognized as a very important substance driving atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Based on quantum chemical calculations it has been suggested that the quantitative detection of gas phase sulfuric acid (H2SO4) by use of Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (CIMS) could be biased in the presence of gas phase amines such as dimethylamine (DMA). An experiment (CLOUD7 campaign) was set up at the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber to investigate the quantitative detection of H2SO4 in the presence of dimethylamine by CIMS at atmospherically relevant concentrations. For the first time in the CLOUD experiment, the monomer sulfuric acid concentration was measured by a CIMS and by two CI-APi-TOF (Chemical Ionization-Atmospheric Pressure interface-Time Of Flight) mass spectrometers. In addition, neutral sulfuric acid clusters were measured with the CI-APi-TOFs. The CLOUD7 measurements show that in the presence of dimethylamine (Peer reviewe

Effect of dimethylamine on the gas phase sulfuric acid concentration measured by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Sulfuric acid is widely recognized as a very important substance driving atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Based on quantum chemical calculations it has been suggested that the quantitative detection of gas phase sulfuric acid (H2SO4) by use of Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (CIMS) could be biased in the presence of gas phase amines such as dimethylamine (DMA). An experiment (CLOUD7 campaign) was set up at the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber to investigate the quantitative detection of H2SO4 in the presence of dimethylamine by CIMS at atmospherically relevant concentrations. For the first time in the CLOUD experiment, the monomer sulfuric acid concentration was measured by a CIMS and by two CI-APi-TOF (Chemical Ionization-Atmospheric Pressure interface-Time Of Flight) mass spectrometers. In addition, neutral sulfuric acid clusters were measured with the CI-APi-TOFs. The CLOUD7 measurements show that in the presence of dimethylamine (<5 to 70 pptv) the sulfuric acid monomer measured by the CIMS represents only a fraction of the total H2SO4, contained in the monomer and the clusters that is available for particle growth. Although it was found that the addition of dimethylamine dramatically changes the H2SO4 cluster distribution compared to binary (H2SO4-H2O) conditions, the CIMS detection efficiency does not seem to depend substantially on whether an individual H2SO4 monomer is clustered with a DMA molecule. The experimental observations are supported by numerical simulations based on A Self-contained Atmospheric chemistry coDe coupled with a molecular process model (Sulfuric Acid Water NUCleation) operated in the kinetic limit