O contador de histórias : das representações literárias ao contexto educativo atual

Neste artigo cruzam-se duas perspetivas complementares sobre o contador de histórias : a visão transmitida em obras da literatura portuguesa e a visão de educadores e professores. Para isso efetuou-se um levantamento da figura do contador em obras de diversas épocas que remetem para o contexto do ato de contar, identifi cando vários aspetos da sua caracterização, em particular a questão de género, os objetivos do contador e as estratégias utilizadas. Estes elementos são cruzados com os resultados de um questionário aplicado a um grupo de educadores e professores, analisando-se em especial os dados que remetem também para as suas representações e práticas em relação aos três elementos acima referidos, salientando-se assim os propósitos que tanto nas representações literárias do contador como na prática atual em contexto escolar se evidenciam, acrescentando-se ainda, no caso dos respondentes ao questionário, a eventual utilização das novas tecnologias como apoio ao ato de contar

O contador de histórias : das representações literárias ao contexto educativo atual

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão da Informação e Bibliotecas Escolares apresentada à Universidade AbertaA arte dos contadores de histórias foi algo que sempre nos interessou. Numa época em que a consciência da importância pedagógica e social do ato de contar histórias está a renascer, pareceu-nos relevante refletir acerca da ação do contador e das funções da narração oral e da leitura em voz alta em contexto educativo. A Biblioteca Escolar surge como potencial polo dinamizador e articulador, por excelência, de atividades relacionadas com o ato de narrar histórias na escola. Neste estudo cruzam-se duas perspetivas complementares sobre o contador de histórias: a visão transmitida em obras da literatura portuguesa e a visão de educadores e professores. Para isso efetuou-se um levantamento da figura do contador em obras de diversas épocas que remetem para o contexto do ato de contar, identificando vários aspetos da sua caracterização, em particular a questão de género, os objetivos do contador e as estratégias utilizadas, assim como os contextos de narração. Estes elementos são cruzados com os resultados de um questionário aplicado a um grupo de educadores e professores, analisando-se os dados que remetem também para as suas representações e práticas em relação aos elementos acima referidos, salientando-se assim os propósitos que tanto nas representações literárias do contador como na prática atual em contexto escolar se evidenciam. Acrescentou- -se ainda, no caso dos respondentes ao questionário, a eventual utilização das novas tecnologias como apoio ao ato de contar e a perceção acerca do papel da Biblioteca Escolar em toda a dinâmica que envolve a narração ou a leitura em voz alta em contexto educativo. Pudemos concluir que certas representações atuais sobre o contador de histórias (no presente caso circunscritas a um grupo de educadores e professores, portanto sem pretensões de generalizações) coincidem em muitos aspetos com as visões que encontramos na ficção literária. Assim, parece ser unânime, tanto nas figurações literárias como nas conceções dos nossos inquiridos, a valorização do ato de contar, enquanto fonte de satisfação e de enriquecimento. Destaca-se ainda que, com maior ou menor intensidade, todos os inquiridos consideram que a ação da Biblioteca Escolar ao longo dos últimos anos teve uma influência positiva nas práticas de contar histórias e ler em voz alta em contexto educativo.We have always had an interest in the art of the storytellers. At a time when the conscience of the pedagogical and social importance of the act of telling stories is being reborn, it seemed relevant to meditate about the action of the teller and the functions of the oral narrative and of reading aloud in an educational context. The School Library appears as a potential dynamizing and articulator pole of excellence of activities related with the act of telling stories in the school. In this study two complementary perspectives about the story teller are intersected: the vision transmitted in works of Portuguese literature and the vision of teachers and educators. For this, a study of the teller’s figure in works from several epochs that remit to the context of the act of telling was made, identifying various aspects of his characterization, particularly in the matter of genre, the objectives of the teller and the strategies he used, as well as the contexts of narration. These elements were crossed with the results of a survey applied to a group of teachers and educators, which also analysed the data referring to their representations and practices related to the elements mentioned above and this way highlighting the purposes which as in the literary representation of the teller, as in the current practice in educational context demonstrate. It was also added, in the case of the survey’s respondents, the eventual use of new technologies as a support to the act of telling and the perception concerning the role of the School Library in the whole dynamic that involves the narration or the reading out loud in educational context. We were able to conclude that certain current representations about the story teller (in the present case circumscribed to a group of educators and teachers, therefore with no pretensions of generalization) match in many aspects with the visions that we find in literary fiction. So, it seems to be unanimous, both in the literary figurations and in the conceptions of our respondents, the valorisation of the act of telling as a source of satisfaction and enrichment. It is emphasised, as well, that, with more or less intensity, every respondent considers that the action of the School Library over the last few years has had a positive influence in the practices of storytelling and reading out loud in an educational contexto

Uso da ultrassonografia para avaliação do volume gástrico após ingestão de diferentes volumes de solução isotônica

ResumoJustificativa e objetivosAs diretrizes recentes de jejum pré‐operatório permitem a ingestão de líquidos até 2 horas antes da cirurgia. O objetivo do presente estudo foi, por meio de ultrassonografia gástrica, avaliar o volume gástrico de voluntários após jejum noturno e comparar com o volume gástrico duas horas após a ingestão de 200 e 500ml de solução isotônica.MétodoForam submetidos à ultrassonografia gástrica 80 voluntários em três momentos: após jejum de 8h; 2horas após a ingestão de 200ml de solução isotônica, seguida do primeiro exame; e, em outro dia, 2horas após a ingestão de 500ml da mesma solução, após jejum noturno. A avaliação foi quantitativa (área do antro e volume gástricos e relação volume gástrico/peso dos participantes) e qualitativa, pela ausência ou presença de conteúdo gástrico nas posições de decúbito lateral direito e supina. Foi considerado significante p<0,05.ResultadosNão houve diferença nas variáveis quantitativas nos três momentos estudados (p>0,05). Cinco voluntários (6,25%) apresentaram um volume/peso superior a 1,5ml.kg‐1 em jejum e 2h após a ingestão de 200ml e seis (7,5%) após 500ml. Qualitativamente, a presença de líquido gástrico ocorreu em mais voluntários após a ingestão de líquidos, principalmente de 500ml (18,7%), embora sem significância estatística.ConclusãoO volume gástrico pela ultrassonografia não apresenta diferença significativa tanto qualitativa quanto quantitativa, 2horas após a ingestão de 200ml ou de 500ml de solução isotônica em comparação com o jejum, embora conteúdo líquido gástrico tenha sido identificado em mais voluntários, principalmente após a ingestão de 500ml de solução isotônica.AbstractBackground and objectivesThe current preoperative fasting guidelines allow fluid intake up to 2hours before surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gastric volume of volunteers after an overnight fast and compare it with the gastric volume 2hours after ingestion of 200 and 500mL of isotonic solution, using gastric ultrasound.MethodEighty volunteers underwent gastric ultrasound at three times: after 8h of fasting; 2hours after ingestion of 200mL isotonic saline, followed by the first scan; and on another day, 2hours after ingestion of 500mL of the same solution after an overnight fast. The evaluation was quantitative (antrum area and gastric volume, and the ratio of participants’ gastric volume/weight) and qualitative (absence or presence of gastric contents on right lateral decubitus and supine positions. A p‐value<0.05 was considered significant).ResultsThere was no difference in quantitative variables at measurement times (p>0.05). Five volunteers (6.25%) had a volume/weight over 1.5mL.kg−1 at fasting and 2hours after ingestion of 200mL and 6 (7.5%) after 500mL. Qualitatively, the presence of gastric fluid occurred in more volunteers after fluid ingestion, especially 500mL (18.7%), although not statistically significant.ConclusionUltrasound assessment of gastric volume showed no significant difference, both qualitative and quantitative, 2h after ingestion of 200mL or 500mL of isotonic solution compared to fasting, although gastric fluid content has been identified in more volunteers, especially after ingestion of 500mL isotonic solution

Infiltration of local anesthetics into the surgical wound: effect on inflammation and fibrous scar in rats

Introduction: Pain relief after surgery remains one of the most significant medical challenges, mainly in aesthetic surgery. The infiltration of the surgical incision with local anesthetics has been increasingly used to reduce pain and other analgesic use. However, little is known about the effect of this injection on healing. The objective is to evaluate the interference of local anesthetics in the area of inflammatory infiltrate and fibrosis scar in rats. Methods: Two linear incisions each were made on the dorsal region of 40 Wistar rats. The left incision was infiltrated with doses of 1.8ml of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, ropivacaine, or 0,9% saline solution infiltration. The right incision did not receive infiltration, serving as a control group. After seven days, samples of the incisions were collected for histological morphometric evaluation. Results: When compared with the control groups, the area of inflammatory infiltrate was found larger in the bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and levobupivacaine groups. The bupivacaine group presented a larger inflammatory infiltrate than the levobupivacaine and ropivacaine. The fibrous scar area was larger in the levobupivacaine and ropivacaine groups. There was no difference between the groups that received anesthetic and saline solution. Conclusion: As there was no difference between the anesthetics and saline solution groups, the volume applied, or the trauma may have been the cause of the larger areas of infiltrating and scar associated with local anesthetics application

O que pensamos sobre estes grupos? Um pré-teste de características estereotípicas de homossexuais e heterossexuais masculinos e de Árabes e Americanos

O objectivo deste artigo foi pré-testar um conjunto de características incluídas no estereótipo de alguns grupos sociais. Especificamente procurámos averiguar quais as principais características associadas aos homossexuais e heterossexuais masculinos bem como aos árabes e aos americanos. Para tal, foram geradas 139 características potencialmente ilustrativas dos estereótipos de homossexual masculino e heterossexual masculino e 275 características potencialmente associadas aos estereótipos de árabe e de americano. Estas características foram avaliadas por duas amostras independentes, de 49 e 68 estudantes universitários respectivamente. Os resultados permitem não só seleccionar, para cada grupo, as características que são significativamente diferentes do ponto médio da escala como também, identificar aquelas que melhor parecem diferenciar homossexuais de heterossexuais e americanos de árabes

O que pensamos sobre estes grupos? Um pré-teste de características estereotípicas de homossexuais e heterossexuais masculinos e de árabes e americanos

O objectivo deste artigo foi pré-testar um conjunto de características incluídas no estereótipo de alguns grupos sociais. Especificamente procurámos averiguar quais as principais características associadas aos homossexuais e heterossexuais masculinos bem como aos árabes e aos americanos. Para tal, foram geradas 139 características potencialmente ilustrativas dos estereótipos de homossexual masculino e heterossexual masculino e 275 características potencialmente associadas aos estereótipos de árabe e de americano. Estas características foram avaliadas por duas amostras independentes, de 49 e 68 estudantes universitários respectivamente. Os resultados permitem não só seleccionar, para cada grupo, as características que são significativamente diferentes do ponto médio da escala como também, identificar aquelas que melhor parecem diferenciar homossexuais de heterossexuais e americanos de árabes.ABSTRACT: The goal of this paper was a pre-test a set of stereotypical characteristics of masculine homosexuals and heterosexuals and of Arabs and Americans groups. For this reason, we generated 139 potentially illustrative characteristics of the stereotypes of masculine homosexual and masculine heterosexual and 275 illustrative characteristics of the stereotypes of Arab and American groups. These characteristics were evaluated by two independent samples, of 49 and 68 university students respectively. The results allow us to select not only the characteristics that are significantly different from the middle point of the scale as well as to identify the ones that better differentiate between homosexuals and heterosexuals and between Americans and Arabs

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure &lt;= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat