Luxación congénita de cadera: nuestra experiencia

La luxación congénita de cadera (L.C.C.) representa, aún hoy día, un auténtico problema dentro de la ortopedia infantil por su frecuencia y sobre todo por las secuelas invalidantes que un diagnóstico tardío puede condicionar. Basados en nuestra experiencia y revisión de un total de 334 casos, exponemos y valoramos los resultados obtenidos y propugnamos una íntima colaboración entre tocólogos, pediatras y ortopedas para evitar que la displasia luxante del recién nacido se transforme en una verdadera luxación del niño que ya ha comenzado a caminar. Ante la luxación ya establecida rechazamos cualquier intento de reducción forzada bajo anestesia general e inmovilización en yesos sucesivos de Lorenz, y proponemos una metodología basada en la reducción lenta por tracción continua en abducción progresiva, artrografía, limbectomía si fuese necesaria y posterior osteotomía desrotadora subtrocantérea, a veces con varización. Por encima de los 4 años pueden ser necesarias las acetabuloplastias.Congenital hip dislocation represents, even today, an authenti c problem within the pediatric orthopaedic field due to its frequency, and above all, becaus e of the negative results of a late diagnosis. Based on our experience and review of a total of 334 cases, they must recommend based on those cases an increased colaboration between Tocologists, Pediatricians and Ortopedics to avoid that displasia dislocation in newborns become s a true dislocation in a child that has begun to walk. Unde r established cases of dislocation, they are against the forced reduction unde r general anesthesia and succesive-continued inmovilization with Lorenz Casts. They recommend treatment based on slow reduction by continous captive traction, arthrography, if necessary limbectonomy with posterior. De-Rotational subtrochanteric osteotomy, sometimes Varus-Producing. For children 4 year s or older acetabuloplasty may be necessary

Nucleotomía percutánea automatizada: experiencia en 425 casos

En el presente trabajo exponemos nuestra experiencia en el tratamiento de la hernia discal lumbar mediante Nucleotomía Percutánea Automatizada. El estudio comprende el periodo de Junio de 1988 a Diciembre de 1992. Se incluyen un total de 425 enfermos de edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 58 años. Los pacientes han sido evaluados a las 6 semanas, a los 3 y a los 6 meses tras la intervención. Los resultados han sido satisfactorios en el 71% de los casos. Solamente hubo una complicación de espondilodiscitis. En el 29% de los casos se obtuvieron malos resultados. Un porcentaje importante de los fracasos, se debieron a una mala selección de los pacientes desde el punto de vista de su perfil psicológico.Our experience using automated percutaneous nucleotomy for treatment for herniated disc is presented. A total of 42 5 patientes, aged between 18 and 58 years and operated from June 88 to December 1992, has been included. Patients were clinically assessed at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months after surgery. Satisfactory results were found in 71% of cases. As for complications, there was only a case of discitis. In 29% of patients, the outcome was poor. An important group of failures were due to bad selection of patients regadings psychological profile

Quantitative Long-Term Monitoring of the Circulating Gases in the KATRIN Experiment Using Raman Spectroscopy

The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment aims at measuring the effective electron neutrino mass with a sensitivity of 0.2 eV/c$^{2}$, i.e., improving on previous measurements by an order of magnitude. Neutrino mass data taking with KATRIN commenced in early 2019, and after only a few weeks of data recording, analysis of these data showed the success of KATRIN, improving on the known neutrino mass limit by a factor of about two. This success very much could be ascribed to the fact that most of the system components met, or even surpassed, the required specifications during long-term operation. Here, we report on the performance of the laser Raman (LARA) monitoring system which provides continuous high-precision information on the gas composition injected into the experiment’s windowless gaseous tritium source (WGTS), specifically on its isotopic purity of tritium—one of the key parameters required in the derivation of the electron neutrino mass. The concentrations c$_{x}$ for all six hydrogen isotopologues were monitored simultaneously, with a measurement precision for individual components of the order 10$^{-3}$ or better throughout the complete KATRIN data taking campaigns to date. From these, the tritium purity, εT, is derived with precision of <10$^{-3}$ and trueness of <3 × 10$^{-3}$, being within and surpassing the actual requirements for KATRIN, respectively

Analysis methods for the first KATRIN neutrino-mass measurement

We report on the dataset, data handling, and detailed analysis techniques of the first neutrino-mass measurement by the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment, which probes the absolute neutrino-mass scale via the β-decay kinematics of molecular tritium. The source is highly pure, cryogenic T2 gas. The β electrons are guided along magnetic field lines toward a high-resolution, integrating spectrometer for energy analysis. A silicon detector counts β electrons above the energy threshold of the spectrometer, so that a scan of the thresholds produces a precise measurement of the high-energy spectral tail. After detailed theoretical studies, simulations, and commissioning measurements, extending from the molecular final-state distribution to inelastic scattering in the source to subtleties of the electromagnetic fields, our independent, blind analyses allow us to set an upper limit of 1.1 eV on the neutrino-mass scale at a 90% confidence level. This first result, based on a few weeks of running at a reduced source intensity and dominated by statistical uncertainty, improves on prior limits by nearly a factor of two. This result establishes an analysis framework for future KATRIN measurements, and provides important input to both particle theory and cosmology

The design, construction, and commissioning of the KATRIN experiment

The KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment, which aims to make a direct and model-independent determination of the absolute neutrino mass scale, is a complex experiment with many components. More than 15 years ago, we published a technical design report (TDR) [1] to describe the hardware design and requirements to achieve our sensitivity goal of 0.2 eV at 90% C.L. on the neutrino mass. Since then there has been considerable progress, culminating in the publication of first neutrino mass results with the entire beamline operating [2]. In this paper, we document the current state of all completed beamline components (as of the first neutrino mass measurement campaign), demonstrate our ability to reliably and stably control them over long times, and present details on their respective commissioning campaigns

Impact of cross-section uncertainties on supernova neutrino spectral parameter fitting in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment

A primary goal of the upcoming Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is to measure the $\mathcal{O}(10)$ MeV neutrinos produced by a Galactic core-collapse supernova if one should occur during the lifetime of the experiment. The liquid-argon-based detectors planned for DUNE are expected to be uniquely sensitive to the $\nu_e$ component of the supernova flux, enabling a wide variety of physics and astrophysics measurements. A key requirement for a correct interpretation of these measurements is a good understanding of the energy-dependent total cross section $\sigma(E_\nu)$ for charged-current $\nu_e$ absorption on argon. In the context of a simulated extraction of supernova $\nu_e$ spectral parameters from a toy analysis, we investigate the impact of $\sigma(E_\nu)$ modeling uncertainties on DUNE's supernova neutrino physics sensitivity for the first time. We find that the currently large theoretical uncertainties on $\sigma(E_\nu)$ must be substantially reduced before the $\nu_e$ flux parameters can be extracted reliably: in the absence of external constraints, a measurement of the integrated neutrino luminosity with less than 10\% bias with DUNE requires $\sigma(E_\nu)$ to be known to about 5%. The neutrino spectral shape parameters can be known to better than 10% for a 20% uncertainty on the cross-section scale, although they will be sensitive to uncertainties on the shape of $\sigma(E_\nu)$. A direct measurement of low-energy $\nu_e$-argon scattering would be invaluable for improving the theoretical precision to the needed level.Comment: 25 pages, 21 figure

The DUNE far detector vertical drift technology. Technical design report

DUNE is an international experiment dedicated to addressing some of the questions at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics, including the mystifying preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe. The dual-site experiment will employ an intense neutrino beam focused on a near and a far detector as it aims to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to make high-precision measurements of the PMNS matrix parameters, including the CP-violating phase. It will also stand ready to observe supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector implements liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) technology, and combines the many tens-of-kiloton fiducial mass necessary for rare event searches with the sub-centimeter spatial resolution required to image those events with high precision. The addition of a photon detection system enhances physics capabilities for all DUNE physics drivers and opens prospects for further physics explorations. Given its size, the far detector will be implemented as a set of modules, with LArTPC designs that differ from one another as newer technologies arise. In the vertical drift LArTPC design, a horizontal cathode bisects the detector, creating two stacked drift volumes in which ionization charges drift towards anodes at either the top or bottom. The anodes are composed of perforated PCB layers with conductive strips, enabling reconstruction in 3D. Light-trap-style photon detection modules are placed both on the cryostat's side walls and on the central cathode where they are optically powered. This Technical Design Report describes in detail the technical implementations of each subsystem of this LArTPC that, together with the other far detector modules and the near detector, will enable DUNE to achieve its physics goals

Highly-parallelized simulation of a pixelated LArTPC on a GPU

The rapid development of general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU) is allowing the implementation of highly-parallelized Monte Carlo simulation chains for particle physics experiments. This technique is particularly suitable for the simulation of a pixelated charge readout for time projection chambers, given the large number of channels that this technology employs. Here we present the first implementation of a full microphysical simulator of a liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) equipped with light readout and pixelated charge readout, developed for the DUNE Near Detector. The software is implemented with an end-to-end set of GPU-optimized algorithms. The algorithms have been written in Python and translated into CUDA kernels using Numba, a just-in-time compiler for a subset of Python and NumPy instructions. The GPU implementation achieves a speed up of four orders of magnitude compared with the equivalent CPU version. The simulation of the current induced on 10^3 pixels takes around 1 ms on the GPU, compared with approximately 10 s on the CPU. The results of the simulation are compared against data from a pixel-readout LArTPC prototype