Corpus, quantification et typologie textuelle

In this paper, we examine the construction of observables, in quantitative corpus linguistics, for the description of linguistic genres and discourses and for textual typology. We propose a hypothesis according to which texts may be characterized through correlations between levels of description, rather that using one isolated level of description at a time. The systemic relations between levels of description allows us to use categories of textual linguistics in quantitative analysis. New contextualities have to be considered: contextuality as interaction between levels of description, and contextuality as interaction between genres, discourses, and idiolects in each text. Coupling textual linguistics and quantitative corpus linguistics raises the issue of the relation between textual typology and linguistic typology.Cet article examine les conséquences pour la description de normes linguistiques des nouveaux observables que permettent de construire les linguistiques de corpus. Nous formulons l'hypothèse que des corpus complexes articulant plusieurs niveaux de descriptions permettent de caractériser les textes, au-delà de profils morpho-syntaxiques ou lexicaux, par des observables fondés sur des catégories de la linguistique textuelle. L'enjeu est de pouvoir articuler méthodes quantitatives et linguistique textuelle pour renouveler les capacités descriptives. Dans le cadre d'une linguistique des normes, cette articulation peut contribuer à une typologie textuelle, qui doit être rapprochée des typologies linguistiques

Les paradoxes de la fréquence

This article is an enquiry (mostly doxographic) about the role of the frequency in linguistic description. Frequency is mostly seen as the object of quantitative methods, but it may also be intuitive and, sometimes, it is a purely abstract argument. Under these different forms it is an ubiquitous notion in linguistics, used by linguists of almost all theoretical persuations and in almost all fields of the discipline, but it is rarely regarded as a central concept of linguistics. Taking into account this diversity of the usages of the frequency, this article tries to investigate the paradoxical status of frequency, both ubiquitous and weakly elaborated. Two theoretical frameworks may be of particular interest for a general account of the frequency dimension of the linguistic phenomena: the Coserian framework (and its concept of norm), and the usage-based view of grammar developped in a cognitive perspective. These two frameworks gound frequency respectively in the historicity of the language use and in the universality of the cognitive processing.Dans cet article je propose une enquête, en grande partie doxographique, sur la notion de fréquence en linguistique. La fréquence peut certes être un objet empirique et mesuré (l'objet des " méthodes quantitatives "), mais elle peut également être le résultat d'une évaluation " intuitive " ou un argument abstrait, auquel ne correspond aucune grandeur. Sous ces différentes formes, elle est présente dans un grand nombre de domaines et de traditions linguistiques, bien qu'elle soit rarement envisagée comme l'une des problématiques communes de la discipline. Derrière la diversité des arguments ayant recours à la fréquence, il s'agira donc d'essayer de construire un point de vue général sur cette notion et de s'interroger sur les aspects paradoxaux de la fréquence en linguistique, à la fois omniprésente et peu élaborée. Deux cadres théoriques en particulier me semblent donner aujourd'hui un statut fort à la dimension de fréquence des faits linguistiques : dans une perspective structurale, la linguistique unitaire de Coseriu, particulièrement à travers la notion de norme ; dans une perspective cognitive, les modèles dits " usage-based ". Ces deux cadres fondent la fréquence respectivement dans l'historicité de l'activité de parler ou dans l'universalité du fonctionnement cognitif

La notion de tradition discursive : une perspective diachronique sur les genres textuels et sur les phénomènes de fréquence textuelle

De nombreuses notions rendent compte de l’appartenance des textes à des types qui expliquent leurs propriétés communes – par exemple les notions de genres ou de types de textes. Cet article propose une comparaison de différentes notions proposées. On peut montrer que chacune met l’accent sur un critère typologique différent : les textes peuvent être regroupés par exemple en fonction de proximités formelles, fonctionnelles ou sémiotiques. L’article présente une notion de tradition discursive, élaborée dans le cadre de la romanistique allemande et depuis un point de vue diachronique. Cette notion met au premier plan les phénomènes de traditionnalité, c’est-à-dire le fait que les textes soient le résultat de reprise et d’imitation de modèles. À ce titre elle intéresse particulièrement à la description des faits de fréquences dans les textes

Exciton and interband optical transitions in hBN single crystal

Near band gap photoluminescence (PL) of hBN single crystal has been studied at cryogenic temperatures with synchrotron radiation excitation. The PL signal is dominated by the D-series previously assigned to excitons trapped on structural defects. A much weaker S-series of self-trapped excitons at 5.778 eV and 5.804 eV has been observed using time-window PL technique. The S-series excitation spectrum shows a strong peak at 6.02 eV, assigned to free exciton absorption. Complementary photoconductivity and PL measurements set the band gap transition energy to 6.4 eV and the Frenkel exciton binding energy larger than 380 meV

Warm Molecular Hydrogen in the Galactic Wind of M82

We report the detection of a complex of extraplanar warm H_2 knots and filaments extending more than ~3 kpc above and below the galactic plane of M82, roughly coincident with the well-known galactic wind in this system. Comparisons of these data with published results at other wavelengths provide quantitative constraints on the topology, excitation, heating, and stability against disruption of the wind-entrained molecular ISM in this prototypical galactic wind. Deep H_2 2.12 um observations such as these represent a promising new method to study the elusive but potentially important molecular component of galactic winds.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. Paper with high-resolution figures is available at http://www.astro.umd.edu/~veilleux/pubs/m82.pd

Greater Response to Placebo in Children Than in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Drug-Resistant Partial Epilepsy

In a systematic review of antiepileptic drugs, Philippe Ryvlin and colleagues find that children with drug-resistant partial epilepsy enrolled in trials seem to have a greater response to placebo than adults enrolled in such trials

Les paradoxes de la fréquence

This article is an enquiry (mostly doxographic) about the role of the frequency in linguistic description. Frequency is mostly seen as the object of quantitative methods, but it may also be intuitive and, sometimes, it is a purely abstract argument. Under these different forms it is an ubiquitous notion in linguistics, used by linguists of almost all theoretical persuations and in almost all fields of the discipline, but it is rarely regarded as a central concept of linguistics. Taking into account this diversity of the usages of the frequency, this article tries to investigate the paradoxical status of frequency, both ubiquitous and weakly elaborated. Two theoretical frameworks may be of particular interest for a general account of the frequency dimension of the linguistic phenomena: the Coserian framework (and its concept of norm), and the usage-based view of grammar developped in a cognitive perspective. These two frameworks gound frequency respectively in the historicity of the language use and in the universality of the cognitive processing.This article is an enquiry (mostly doxographic) about the role of the frequency in linguistic description. Frequency is mostly seen as the object of quantitative methods, but it may also be intuitive and, sometimes, it is a purely abstract argument. Under these different forms it is an ubiquitous notion in linguistics, used by linguists of almost all theoretical persuations and in almost all fields of the discipline, but it is rarely regarded as a central concept of linguistics. Taking into account this diversity of the usages of the frequency, this article tries to investigate the paradoxical status of frequency, both ubiquitous and weakly elaborated. Two theoretical frameworks may be of particular interest for a general account of the frequency dimension of the linguistic phenomena: the Coserian framework (and its concept of norm), and the usage-based view of grammar developped in a cognitive perspective. These two frameworks gound frequency respectively in the historicity of the language use and in the universality of the cognitive processing.This article is an enquiry (mostly doxographic) about the role of the frequency in linguistic description. Frequency is mostly seen as the object of quantitative methods, but it may also be intuitive and, sometimes, it is a purely abstract argument. Under these different forms it is an ubiquitous notion in linguistics, used by linguists of almost all theoretical persuations and in almost all fields of the discipline, but it is rarely regarded as a central concept of linguistics. Taking into account this diversity of the usages of the frequency, this article tries to investigate the paradoxical status of frequency, both ubiquitous and weakly elaborated. Two theoretical frameworks may be of particular interest for a general account of the frequency dimension of the linguistic phenomena: the Coserian framework (and its concept of norm), and the usage-based view of grammar developped in a cognitive perspective. These two frameworks gound frequency respectively in the historicity of the language use and in the universality of the cognitive processing.Dans cet article je propose une enquête, en grande partie doxographique, sur la notion de fréquence en linguistique. La fréquence peut certes être un objet empirique et mesuré (l'objet des « méthodes quantitatives »), mais elle peut également être le résultat d'une évaluation « intuitive » ou un argument abstrait, auquel ne correspond aucune grandeur. Sous ces différentes formes, elle est présente dans un grand nombre de domaines et de traditions linguistiques, bien qu'elle soit rarement envisagée comme l'une des problématiques communes de la discipline. Derrière la diversité des arguments ayant recours à la fréquence, il s'agira donc d'essayer de construire un point de vue général sur cette notion et de s'interroger sur les aspects paradoxaux de la fréquence en linguistique, à la fois omniprésente et peu élaborée. Deux cadres théoriques en particulier me semblent donner aujourd'hui un statut fort à la dimension de fréquence des faits linguistiques : dans une perspective structurale, la linguistique unitaire de Coseriu, particulièrement à travers la notion de norme ; dans une perspective cognitive, les modèles dits « usage-based ». Ces deux cadres fondent la fréquence respectivement dans l'historicité de l'activité de parler ou dans l'universalité du fonctionnement cognitif.This article is an enquiry (mostly doxographic) about the role of the frequency in linguistic description. Frequency is mostly seen as the object of quantitative methods, but it may also be intuitive and, sometimes, it is a purely abstract argument. Under these different forms it is an ubiquitous notion in linguistics, used by linguists of almost all theoretical persuations and in almost all fields of the discipline, but it is rarely regarded as a central concept of linguistics. Taking into account this diversity of the usages of the frequency, this article tries to investigate the paradoxical status of frequency, both ubiquitous and weakly elaborated. Two theoretical frameworks may be of particular interest for a general account of the frequency dimension of the linguistic phenomena: the Coserian framework (and its concept of norm), and the usage-based view of grammar developped in a cognitive perspective. These two frameworks gound frequency respectively in the historicity of the language use and in the universality of the cognitive processing

Les langues non-austronésiennes d’Océanie proche : phénomène de diffusion

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