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    Protection des données personnelles de personnes décédées – Perspectives européenne et suisse face aux enjeux de la numérisation de la société

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    La protection des données personnelles de personnes décédées est une thématique qui s’impose progressivement dans le contexte de la numérisation de la société. Tandis que l’élaboration d’un tel régime est désormais à l’agenda du législateur européen dans le cadre de la transformation numérique européenne, la Suisse a renoncé à introduire une disposition correspondante dans le cadre de la révision récente de sa Loi fédérale sur la protection des données. Une analyse des derniers développements au sein des droits nationaux de protection des données des Etats Membres met en évidence certains des grands enjeux qui se poseront dans la mise en œuvre d’un régime de protection des données post mortem : la nature de la titularité des droits conférés, la prise en compte de la volonté de la personne défunte exprimée de son vivant et l’exercice des droits par les survivants. Tandis qu’il est probable que l’Union européenne réglemente la problématique directement dans son droit de la protection des données, la Suisse semble, pour l’heure, préférer opter pour une solution consacrée directement dans son droit des successions, lequel est toujours en cours de révision. Le risque existe que la Suisse fasse cavalier seul sur cette question alors que la question d’une coordination avec le RGPD se posera inévitablement.La protection des données personnelles de personnes décédées est une thématique qui s’impose progressivement dans le contexte de la numérisation de la société. Tandis que l’élaboration d’un tel régime est désormais à l’agenda du législateur européen dans le cadre de la transformation numérique européenne, la Suisse a renoncé à introduire une disposition correspondante dans le cadre de la révision récente de sa Loi fédérale sur la protection des données. Une analyse des derniers développements au sein des droits nationaux de protection des données des Etats Membres met en évidence certains des grands enjeux qui se poseront dans la mise en œuvre d’un régime de protection des données post mortem : la nature de la titularité des droits conférés, la prise en compte de la volonté de la personne défunte exprimée de son vivant et l’exercice des droits par les survivants. Tandis qu’il est probable que l’Union européenne réglemente la problématique directement dans son droit de la protection des données, la Suisse semble, pour l’heure, préférer opter pour une solution consacrée directement dans son droit des successions, lequel est toujours en cours de révision. Le risque existe que la Suisse fasse cavalier seul sur cette question alors que la question d’une coordination avec le RGPD se posera inévitablement

    Shifts in U.S. Social Media Use, 2020–2024: Decline, Fragmentation, and Enduring Polarization

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    Using nationally representative data from the 2020 and 2024 American National Election Studies (ANES), this paper describes how U.S. social media use has shifted across platforms, demographics, and politics. Overall platform reach declined, driven by growth in the share of Americans — especially the youngest and oldest cohorts — who report using no social media. Visiting and posting activity on Twitter/X and Facebook have fallen by nearly 50% since 2020, with the decline on Twitter/X driven primarily by reduced participation among Democratic users. While Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter/X lost ground, TikTok and Reddit grew modestly, consistent with a more fragmented digital public sphere. Platform audiences aged and became slightly more educated and racially diverse. Politically, most platforms shifted toward Republican users while remaining, on balance, Democratic-leaning. Twitter/X experienced the largest change: among posters, the partisan balance swung over 70 percentage points from Democrats to Republicans. Across platforms, political posting remains closely tied to affective polarization, as the most partisan respondents are also the most active. As casual users disengage while polarized partisans remain vocal, online discourse becomes narrower and more ideologically extreme

    Knochenregeneration durch autologe Zahntransplantation: Ein Fallbericht

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    Der hier beschriebene Fall einer autologen Zahntransplantation von 38 nach 36 bei untypischer Verlagerung von 36 und 37 demonstriert das osteogene Potential desmodontaler Zellen bei einer Zahntransplantation. Der ausgeprägte Knochendefekt in Regio 36/37 nach Entfernung 36 sowie des kranial darüber liegenden 37 wurde durch Transplantation des Zahnkeims 38 in Kombination mit anschließender kieferorthopädischer Einordnung im Laufe von 7 Monaten durch komplette Neubildung des Alveolarfortsatzes vollständig aufgefüllt. Der Fall zeigt, dass bei fachgerechter Zahntransplantation und anschließender kieferorthopädischer Feineinstellung in Kombination mit dem sorgfältig gewählten Transplantationszeitpunkt ein solcher Eingriff auch hinsichtlich der Wachstums - Induktion von präoperativ lokal fehlendem Alveolarknochen erfolgreich sein kann.This case report describes an autologous tooth transplantation from tooth 38 to tooth 36 associated with atypical displacement of teeth 36 and 37. It demonstrates the osteogenic potential of desmodontal cells in tooth transplantation. The pronounced bone defect in region 36/37 after removal of 36 and the cranially located 37 was completely filled by transplantation of the tooth germ 38 in combination with subsequent orthodontic alignment over the course of 8 months through complete regeneration of the alveolar process. The case shows that tooth autotransplantation and subsequent orthodontic fine adjustment can result in significant regeneration of locally missing alveolar bone

    Visual Framing in the AI Era: Lessons from Manual Approaches for Computational Methods

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    Computational methods can minimize the time and resources needed to manually code thousands of images. Yet, they also come with challenges, including validation, algorithmic bias, and privacy concerns. Acknowledging that the pictorial turn has now entered a computational phase, this article reports on a manual and automated coding of 7000+ images to better understand online extremist content. Using Rodriguez and Dimitrova’s (2011) four-tiered model of visual framing, the study compares manual and OpenAI’s ChatGpt4o’s coding of Al-Qaeda and ISIS images across the denotative, semiotic, connotative, and ideological levels. AI coding exhibited moderate to strong performance on denotative variables but was weaker in the semiotic and connotative tiers. The study concludes with a discussion of the advantages of human and AI functioning together to better understand visual framing

    Google or Call Mom? A Diary Study on the Health Information-Seeking Behaviour Among International Students

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    The number of students studying abroad has increased considerably in recent years. International students often face barriers to accessing health information, affecting their mental and physical well-being. Using a repertoire-based approach, this study extends previous research that mainly focused on individual sources, online information, or specific contexts. By expanding the media repertoire approach to include an interpersonal dimension and analysing the combination of search modes, intermediaries, channels, and sources, the study provides a comprehensive examination of international students’ health information-seeking patterns in Germany, covering a wider range of topics. A two-week online diary study with 15 participants generated 102 search situations. Using a multilevel latent class analysis, the study is the first to examine health information repertoire types among international students, identifying Online Information Seekers and Online and Interpersonal Information Seekers. The findings reveal that online information is frequently used across a wide range of search purposes. Even for more serious health topics, participants relied more on lay information from the internet or trusted individuals than on health professionals. Among Online Information Seekers, the exclusive reliance on online sources warrants critical consideration, as it may reflect barriers to accessing health information and services. The study offers practical implications for target group–oriented health communication, considering varying sources and language preferences, including the introduction of dedicated health officers at universities

    Künstliche Intelligenz und Schweizer Recht, Januar-Dezember 2025

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    Entsprechend dem Ziel der «(Zeit-)schriften des Rechts», die von Tag zu Tag anschwellenden und zunehmend verstreuten Veröffentlichungen zum Recht zu sammeln, zu sichten und hieraus eine Auswahl aktuell besonders lesenswerter Texte zu treffen, wird in dieser Ausgabe eine Auswahl der Schriften an der Schnittstelle von Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) und Schweizer Recht aus dem Zeitraum Januar-Dezember 2025 vorgelegt.Entsprechend dem Ziel der «(Zeit-)schriften des Rechts», die von Tag zu Tag anschwellenden und zunehmend verstreuten Veröffentlichungen zum Recht zu sammeln, zu sichten und hieraus eine Auswahl aktuell besonders lesenswerter Texte zu treffen, wird in dieser Ausgabe eine Auswahl der Schriften an der Schnittstelle von Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) und Schweizer Recht aus dem Zeitraum Januar-Dezember 2025 vorgelegt

    Cross-Jurisdictional Study of the 3Rs: A Comparative Legal Analysis of Animal Research Governance in Finland and Switzerland

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    The 3R principles (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) have become a widely used regulatory framework for governing animal research worldwide. While widely endorsed as a moral baseline, its actual capacity to protect animals and to support a transition toward animal-free research remains contested. This article examines how Switzerland and Finland embed and operationalise the 3Rs in law, and asks whether these legal frameworks meaningfully advance responsibility toward animals beyond procedural compliance, within their distinct legal, cultural, and societal frameworks for regulating the use of animals in research. Through a comparative legal analysis, the paper explores how different normative foundations are articulated in the regulation of animal research: Switzerland grounds protection in the constitutional concepts of animal dignity and welfare, whereas Finland, under EU law, relies on animal sentience and intrinsic value, combined with an explicit long-term objective of full replacement of live-animal procedures when scientifically possible. Drawing on an ethics of care perspective, the study examines not only formal legal standards, but also how legal structures frame and allocate responsibility, recognise animal vulnerability, and address continuity of care before, during, and after experiments. The analysis reveals that although both systems incorporate the 3Rs extensively, they remain largely confined to regulating experimental procedures and only partially address breeding, surplus animals, and post-study responsibilities. The paper argues that without clearer legal hierarchies, stronger institutional accountability, and an explicit transition strategy toward non-animal methods, the 3Rs risk functioning primarily as a refinement tool rather than as a genuine framework for structural change, that enables a transition beyond animal-based research.The 3R principles (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) have become a widely used regulatory framework for governing animal research worldwide. While widely endorsed as a moral baseline, its actual capacity to protect animals and to support a transition toward animal-free research remains contested. This article examines how Switzerland and Finland embed and operationalise the 3Rs in law, and asks whether these legal frameworks meaningfully advance responsibility toward animals beyond procedural compliance, within their distinct legal, cultural, and societal frameworks for regulating the use of animals in research. Through a comparative legal analysis, the paper explores how different normative foundations are articulated in the regulation of animal research: Switzerland grounds protection in the constitutional concepts of animal dignity and welfare, whereas Finland, under EU law, relies on animal sentience and intrinsic value, combined with an explicit long-term objective of full replacement of live-animal procedures when scientifically possible. Drawing on an ethics of care perspective, the study examines not only formal legal standards, but also how legal structures frame and allocate responsibility, recognise animal vulnerability, and address continuity of care before, during, and after experiments. The analysis reveals that although both systems incorporate the 3Rs extensively, they remain largely confined to regulating experimental procedures and only partially address breeding, surplus animals, and post-study responsibilities. The paper argues that without clearer legal hierarchies, stronger institutional accountability, and an explicit transition strategy toward non-animal methods, the 3Rs risk functioning primarily as a refinement tool rather than as a genuine framework for structural change, that enables a transition beyond animal-based research

    Potential cariogène des épaississants oraux utilisés pour prévenir l’aspiration de liquides et d’aliments chez les patients atteints de dysphagie.: an intraoral plaque pH pilot study

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    Dysphagia management in older adults often involves the use of oral thickening agents to modify the consistency of foods and liquids and thereby, reduce the risk of aspiration. Currently, there is limited evidence on the cariogenic potential of these agents and the consequences for oral health in elders. This pilot, comparative in-vivo study evaluated the cariogenicity of four commercially available thickening agents in water: Ensure Multi-thick, Thick & Easy, Thicken Up Clear, and Thicken Up Gel Express. The products were tested in three older adult volunteers (n = 8 tests; two replicates per product across four products) using intraoral plaque pH telemetry. Absolute cariogenicity (AC) was assessed via acidogenic potential (area under the pH-curve below 5.7), and relative cariogenicity (RC) was calculated relative to a 10 % glucose control rinse. One-way ANO-VA was used to compare mean AC and RC across products. All four products demonstrated measurable cariogenicity (AUC < 5.7). Mean AC ranged from 13.70 (Thick & Easy) to 21.62 (Thicken Up Gel Express). Thicken Up Clear and Thicken Up Gel Express showed narrow standard deviations (SD = 0.09 and 0.49, respectively); Ensure Multi-thick showed high variability (SD = 21.02). RC values were highest for Thicken Up Gel Express (0.81 ± 0.15), then Thicken Up Clear (0.68 ± 0.08), and lower for Ensure Multi-thick (0.42 ± 0.42) and Thick & Easy (0.43 ± 0.36). The ANOVA revealed no statistically significant differences among products (P > 0.05). Within the limitations of this pilot study, all tested thickening agents showed moderate relative cariogenicity that may be clinically relevant in older adults with existing caries risk factors. These preliminary findings suggest that product selection and preventive oral care strategies are important when thickening agents are used for dysphagia management. Further analyses with larger samples and in vivo clinical outcomes are needed to confirm and extend these results.Einleitung Eindickungsmittel werden insbesondere bei Patienten mit Dysphagie eingesetzt, um das Aspirationsrisiko von Flüssigkeiten und Nahrungsmitteln zu reduzieren. Diese Studie untersuchte die absolute (AC) und relative Kariogenität (RC) von vier handelsüblichen Verdickungsmittel mit dem Ziel deren Auswirkungen auf die Mundgesundheit älterer Menschen zu bewerten. Material und Methoden Vier in der Schweiz erhältliche Verdickungsmittel (Ensure Multi-thick, Thick and Easy Powder, Thicken Up clear Powder und Thicken Up gel express) wurden in vivo getestet (jeweils N = 2). Die AC wurde durch Messung des acidogenen Potenzials bewertet, während die RC relativ zur Kariogenität einer Zucker-Kontrollgruppe berechnet wurde (pH-Telemetrie). Zum Vergleich der Mittelwerte der verschiedenen Produkte wurde eine einseitige Varianzanalyse (ANOVA) durchgeführt. Resultate Die AC wurde durch Messung des acidogenen Potenzials bewertet, während die RC relativ zur Kariogenität einer Zucker-Kontrollgruppe berechnet wurde. Zum Vergleich der Mittelwerte der verschiedenen Produkte wurde eine einseitige Varianzanalyse (ANOVA) durchgeführt. Alle Produkte zeigten eine messbare Kariogenität (AUC pH < 5,7). Die mittleren AC-Werte reichten von 13,70 (Thick and Easy) bis 21,62 (Thicken UP Gel Express). Thicken UP Clear Powder und Thicken UP Gel Express zeigten konsistente Ergebnisse mit geringen Standardabweichungen (SD = 0,09 bzw. 0,49), während Ensure Multi-thick eine hohe Variabilität aufwies (SD = 21,02). Der RC-Wert war bei Thicken UP Gel Express am höchsten (0,81 ± 0,15), gefolgt von Thicken UP Clear Powder (0,68 ± 0,08), während bei Ensure Multi-thick (0,42 ± 0,42) und Thick and Easy Powder (0,43 ± 0,36) niedrigere Werte beobachtet wurden. Diskussion Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass zwar keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den handelsüblichen Verdickungsmitteln festgestellt wurden, alle jedoch eine moderate relative Kariogenität aufwiesen, die klinisch relevant sein kann, insbesondere für ältere Erwachsene mit bestehenden Schwachstellen in der Mundgesundheit. Präventive Mundpflegestrategien, regelmässige zahnärztliche Kontrollen, eine fundierte Produktauswahl und eine interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit sind unerlässlich, um das Kariesrisiko zu minimieren und gleichzeitig ein sicheres Schlucken bei älteren Erwachsenen zu gewährleisten, die Verdickungsmittel zur Behandlung von Dysphagie benötigen.Introduction Les épaississants sont notamment utilisés chez les patients souffrant de dysphagie afin de réduire le risque d\u27aspiration de liquides et d\u27aliments. Cette étude a examiné la cariogénicité absolue (AC) et relative (RC) de quatre épaississants disponibles dans le commerce afin d\u27évaluer leurs effets sur la santé bucco-dentaire des personnes âgées. Matériel et méthodes Quatre épaississants disponibles en Suisse (Ensure Multi-thick, Thick and Easy Powder, Thicken Up clear Powder et Thicken Up gel express) ont été testés in vivo (N = 2 dans chaque cas). L\u27AC a été évaluée en mesurant le potentiel acidogène, tandis que la RC a été calculée par rapport à la cariogénicité d\u27un groupe témoin sucré (pH-Telemetrie). Une analyse de variance unilatérale (ANOVA) a été réalisée pour comparer les valeurs moyennes des différents produits. Résultats L\u27AC a été évaluée en mesurant le potentiel acidogène, tandis que la RC a été calculée par rapport à la cariogénicité d\u27un groupe témoin sucré. Une analyse de variance unilatérale (ANOVA) a été réalisée pour comparer les moyennes des différents produits. Tous les produits ont présenté une cariogénicité mesurable (AUC pH < 5,7). Les valeurs AC moyennes variaient entre 13,70 (Thick and Easy) et 21,62 (Thicken UP Gel Express). Thicken UP Clear Powder et Thicken UP Gel Express ont donné des résultats cohérents avec de faibles écarts-types (SD = 0,09 et 0,49 respectivement), tandis que Ensure Multi-thick a présenté une grande variabilité (SD = 21,02). La valeur RC était la plus élevée pour Thicken UP Gel Express (0,81 ± 0,15), suivi de Thicken UP Clear Powder (0,68 ± 0,08), tandis que des valeurs plus faibles ont été observées pour Ensure Multi-thick (0,42 ± 0,42) et Thick and Easy Powder (0,43 ± 0,36). Discussion Les résultats de cette étude montrent que, bien qu\u27aucune différence significative n\u27ait été constatée entre les épaississants disponibles dans le commerce, tous présentaient une cariogénicité relative modérée pouvant être cliniquement pertinente, en particulier pour les personnes âgées présentant des problèmes de santé bucco-dentaire. Des stratégies préventives en matière d\u27hygiène bucco-dentaire, des contrôles dentaires réguliers, un choix judicieux des produits et une collaboration interprofessionnelle sont indispensables pour minimiser le risque de caries tout en garantissant une déglutition sûre chez les personnes âgées qui ont besoin d\u27épaississants pour traiter la dysphagie

    Fanning the Frames: News Organizations’ versus Individuals’ Online Images of Protest

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    Recent developments in both mobile technology and social media have produced significant shifts in both the volume and nature of current events images available to the public. Whereas images of current events used to be the sole domain of professional photojournalists, now nearly anyone with a mobile phone can witness and photograph an event, and distribute that photograph to the public at large. This paper explores roughly 9.5 million tweets and nearly 807,000 images about the August 2017 Unite the Right protest in Charlottesville, VA. We assign “frames” to images, and consider variation in framing across news organizations and individuals. We find individuals\u27 accounts engage in more diverse framing than news organizations, and that there is no convergence of framing over time between individuals and the media. These results have important implications for the diversity of perspectives represented in online discourse, and raise questions about the roles – both positive and negative – of “citizen photojournalists.

    Influence in Motion: Tracing Persuasive Dynamics via Multi‐Agent Networks

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    A bottom–up, reproducible multi-agent simulation framework is presented for investigating opinion dynamics via LLM-based agents embedded in an endogenously evolving small-world network. The study simulates cognitive–affective agents deliberating the real-world controversy over rounds, generating natural-language exchanges, instantaneous appraisals, and systemic reflections. Network topology co-evolves through agent-driven edge rewiring. Community detection and intra-community stance-variance analyses reveal three temporal phases—turbulence, coalescence, consolidation—with opinion variance declining. Correlations between closeness centrality and Influence Score uncover heterogeneous influence patterns, exemplified by positively, negatively, and negligibly correlated agent archetypes. These results demonstrate that LLM-based generative agents can (1) reproduce key opinion and network structural dynamics (H1), (2) self-organize into stable communities with constructive opinion aggregation via endogenous rewiring (H2), and (3) convert network structure into persuasive influence through adaptive discourse strategies (H3). This framework bridges micro-level cognitive–affective processes and macro-level network phenomena, offering a versatile platform for computational communication research

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