177 research outputs found
Monilochaetes and allied genera of the Glomerellales, and a reconsideration of families in the Microascales
We examined the phylogenetic relationships of two species that mimic
Chaetosphaeria in teleomorph and anamorph morphologies,
Chaetosphaeria tulasneorum with a Cylindrotrichum
anamorph and Australiasca queenslandica with a Dischloridium
anamorph. Four data sets were analysed: a) the internal transcribed spacer
region including ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 (ITS), b) nc28S (ncLSU) rDNA, c)
nc18S (ncSSU) rDNA, and d) a combined data set of ncLSU-ncSSU-RPB2 (ribosomal
polymerase B2). The traditional placement of Ch. tulasneorum in the
Microascales based on ncLSU sequences is unsupported and
Australiasca does not belong to the Chaetosphaeriaceae. Both
holomorph species are nested within the Glomerellales. A new genus,
Reticulascus, is introduced for Ch. tulasneorum with
associated Cylindrotrichum anamorph; another species of
Reticulascus and its anamorph in Cylindrotrichum are
described as new. The taxonomic structure of the Glomerellales is
clarified and the name is validly published. As delimited here, it includes
three families, the Glomerellaceae and the newly described
Australiascaceae and Reticulascaceae. Based on ITS and ncLSU
rDNA sequence analyses, we confirm the synonymy of the anamorph genera
Dischloridium with Monilochaetes. Consequently
Dischloridium laeënse, type species of the genus, and three
related species are transferred to the older genus Monilochaetes. The
teleomorph of D. laeënse is described in Australiasca
as a new species. The Plectosphaerellaceae, to which the anamorph
genus Stachylidium is added, is basal to the Glomerellales
in the three-gene phylogeny. Stilbella annulata also belongs to this
family and is newly combined in Acrostalagmus. Phylogenetic analyses
based on ncLSU, ncSSU, and combined ncLSU-ncSSU-RPB2 sequences clarify family
relationships within the Microascales. The family
Ceratocystidaceae is validated as a strongly supported monophyletic
group consisting of Ceratocystis, Cornuvesica,
Thielaviopsis, and the type species of Ambrosiella. The new
family Gondwanamycetaceae, a strongly supported sister clade to the
Ceratocystidaceae, is introduced for the teleomorph genus
Gondwanamyces and its Custingophora anamorphs. Four families
are accepted in the Microascales, namely the
Ceratocystidaceae, Gondwanamycetaceae,
Halosphaeriaceae, and Microascaceae. Because of a suggested
affinity of a Faurelina indica isolate to the Microascales,
the phylogenetic position of the Chadefaudiellaceae is reevaluated.
Based on the results from a separate ncLSU analysis of the
Dothideomycetes, Faurelina is excluded from the
Microascales and placed in the Pleosporales
New taxa in Aspergillus section Usti
Based on phylogenetic analysis of sequence data, Aspergillus section Usti includes 21 species, inclucing two teleomorphic species Aspergillus heterothallicus (= Emericella heterothallica) and Fennellia monodii. Aspergillus germanicus sp. nov. was isolated from indoor air in Germany. This species has identical ITS sequences with A. insuetus CBS 119.27, but is clearly distinct from that species based on ÎČ-tubulin and calmodulin sequence data. This species is unable to grow at 37 °C, similarly to A. keveii and A. insuetus. Aspergillus carlsbadensis sp. nov. was isolated from the Carlsbad Caverns National Park in New Mexico. This taxon is related to, but distinct from a clade including A. calidoustus, A. pseudodeflectus, A. insuetus and A. keveii on all trees. This species is also unable to grow at 37 °C, and acid production was not observed on CREA. Aspergillus californicus sp. nov. is proposed for an isolate from chamise chaparral (Adenostoma fasciculatum) in California. It is related to a clade including A. subsessilis and A. kassunensis on all trees. This species grew well at 37 °C, and acid production was not observed on CREA. The strain CBS 504.65 from soil in Turkey showed to be clearly distinct from the A. deflectus ex-type strain, indicating that this isolate represents a distinct species in this section. We propose the name A. turkensis sp. nov. for this taxon. This species grew, although rather restrictedly at 37 °C, and acid production was not observed on CREA. Isolates from stored maize, South Africa, as a culture contaminant of Bipolaris sorokiniana from indoor air in Finland proved to be related to, but different from A. ustus and A. puniceus. The taxon is proposed as the new species A. pseudoustus. Although supported only by low bootstrap values, F. monodii was found to belong to section Usti based on phylogenetic analysis of either loci BLAST searches to the GenBank database also resulted in closest hits from section Usti. This species obviously does not belong to the Fennellia genus, instead it is a member of the Emericella genus. However, in accordance with the guidelines of the Amsterdam Declaration on fungal nomenclature (Hawksworth et al. 2011), and based on phylogenetic and physiological evidence, we propose the new combination Aspergillus monodii comb. nov. for this taxon. Species assigned to section Usti can be assigned to three chemical groups based on the extrolites. Aspergillus ustus, A. granulosus and A. puniceus produced ustic acid, while A. ustus and A. puniceus also produced austocystins and versicolorins. In the second chemical group, A. pseudodeflectus produced drimans in common with the other species in this group, and also several unique unknown compounds. Aspergillus calidoustus isolates produced drimans and ophiobolins in common with A. insuetus and A. keveii, but also produced austins. Aspergillus insuetus isolates also produced pergillin while A. keveii isolates produced nidulol. In the third chemical group, E. heterothallica has been reported to produce emethallicins, 5'-hydroxyaveranthin, emeheterone, emesterones, 5'-hydroxyaveranthin
Phylogeny of Penicillium and the segregation of Trichocomaceae into three families
Species of Trichocomaceae occur commonly and are important to both industry and medicine. They are associated with food spoilage and mycotoxin production and can occur in the indoor environment, causing health hazards by the formation of ÎČ-glucans, mycotoxins and surface proteins. Some species are opportunistic pathogens, while others are exploited in biotechnology for the production of enzymes, antibiotics and other products. Penicillium belongs phylogenetically to Trichocomaceae and more than 250 species are currently accepted in this genus. In this study, we investigated the relationship of Penicillium to other genera of Trichocomaceae and studied in detail the phylogeny of the genus itself. In order to study these relationships, partial RPB1, RPB2 (RNA polymerase II genes), Tsr1 (putative ribosome biogenesis protein) and Cct8 (putative chaperonin complex component TCP-1) gene sequences were obtained. The Trichocomaceae are divided in three separate families: Aspergillaceae, Thermoascaceae and Trichocomaceae. The Aspergillaceae are characterised by the formation flask-shaped or cylindrical phialides, asci produced inside cleistothecia or surrounded by HĂŒlle cells and mainly ascospores with a furrow or slit, while the Trichocomaceae are defined by the formation of lanceolate phialides, asci borne within a tuft or layer of loose hyphae and ascospores lacking a slit. Thermoascus and Paecilomyces, both members of Thermoascaceae, also form ascospores lacking a furrow or slit, but are differentiated from Trichocomaceae by the production of asci from croziers and their thermotolerant or thermophilic nature. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Penicillium is polyphyletic. The genus is re-defined and a monophyletic genus for both anamorphs and teleomorphs is created (Penicillium sensu stricto). The genera Thysanophora, Eupenicillium, Chromocleista, Hemicarpenteles and Torulomyces belong in Penicillium s. str. and new combinations for the species belonging to these genera are proposed. Analysis of Penicillium below genus rank revealed the presence of 25 clades. A new classification system including both anamorph and teleomorph species is proposed and these 25 clades are treated here as sections. An overview of species belonging to each section is presented
The Numbers Behind Mushroom Biodiversity
Fungi are among the most diverse groups of organisms on Earth. with a global diversity estimated at 0.8 million to 5.1 million species. They play fundamental ecological roles as decomposers, mutualists, and pathogens, growing in almost all habitats and being important as sources of food and health benefits, income, and to maintain forest health. Global assessment of wild edible fungi indicate the existence of 2327 useful wild species; 2166 edible and 1069 used as food; 470 medicinal species. Several million tonnes are collected, consumed, and sold each year in over 80 countries. The major mushroom-producing countries in 2012 were China, Italy, USA, and The Netherlands, with 80% of the world production, 64% of which came from China. The European Union produces 24% of the world production. Italy is the largest European producer, Poland is the largest exporter, UK the largest importer.Fungi are difficult to preserve and fossilize and due to the poor preservation of most
fungal structures, it has been difficult to interpret the fossil record of fungi. Hyphae,
the vegetative bodies of fungi, bear few distinctive morphological characteristicss,
and organisms as diverse as cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algal groups, and oomycetes
can easily
be mistaken for them (Taylor & Taylor 1993). Fossils provide minimum
ages for divergences and genetic lineages can be much older than even the oldest
fossil representative found. According to Berbee and Taylor (2010), molecular clocks
(conversion of molecular changes into geological time) calibrated by fossils are the
only available tools to estimate timing of evolutionary events in fossilâpoor groups,
such as fungi.
The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotic fungi from the division Glomeromycota, generally
accepted as the phylogenetic sister clade to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota,
have left the most ancient fossils in the Rhynie Chert of Aberdeenshire in the north of
Scotland (400 million years old). The Glomeromycota and several other fungi have been
found associated with the preserved tissues of early vascular plants (Taylor et al. 2004a).
Fossil spores from these shallow marine sediments from the Ordovician that closely
resemble Glomeromycota spores and finely branched hyphae arbuscules within plant
cells were clearly preserved in cells of stems of a 400 Ma primitive land plant,
Aglaophyton, from Rhynie chert 455â460 Ma in age (Redecker et al. 2000; Remy et al.
1994) and from roots from the Triassic (250â199 Ma) (Berbee & Taylor 2010; Stubblefield
et al. 1987).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Efeito dos fixadores formalina e Bouin na preservação de biópsias do endométrio de éguas após inclusão em resina plåstica
Diversity of Agaricales (Basidiomycota) in the Reserva BiolĂłgica Walter Egler, Amazonas, Brazil
A study of the order Agaricales Clements (Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycotina), occurring in the Reserva BiolĂłgica Walter Egler was carried out from December 2000 to June 2001. The area of study is situated at Road AM-010, Manaus-Itacoatiara, km 64, Latitude 02° 43' S and Longitude 59° 47' W, Rio Preto da Eva, in the State of Amazonas, with a total area of 709 ha of terra firme rain forest. The fungi collected were identified based on traditional methodology for identification of Agaricales. A total of 39 species were studied, distributed in 13 genera and six families: Polyporaceae: Pleurotus sp.; Hygrophoraceae: Hygrocybe cf. megistospora, Hygrocybe aff. miniceps, Hygrocybe occidentalis var. scarletina and eight indeterminate species of Hygrocybe; Tricholomataceae: Clitocybe sp., Hydropus sp.1 and Hydropus sp.2, Macrocystidia sp., Marasmiellus sp., Marasmius bellus, Marasmius haedinus var. haedinus, Marasmius cf. leoninus, Marasmius cf. mazatecus, Marasmius cf. ruber, Marasmius cf. setulosifolius, Marasmius tageticolor, Marasmius cf. variabiliceps var. variabiliceps, Marasmius sp.1, Marasmius sp.2, Marasmius sp.3 and Marasmius sp.4, Tricholoma sp.; Agaricaceae: Agaricus sp.1 and Agaricus sp.2, Lepiota sp., Cystoderma sp.; Entolomataceae: Entoloma cf. azureoviride, Entoloma cf. cystidiophorum, Entoloma strigosissima, Entoloma sp.; Russulaceae: Lactarius panuoides. Entoloma azureoviride, Hygrocybe miniceps, Lactarius panuoides, Marasmius cf. mazatecus, Marasmius cf. setulosifolius and Marasmius variabiliceps var. variabiliceps, apparently are here cited for the first time from Brazil. With exception of Marasmius tageticolor, all species are cited here for the first time as occurring in Egler Forest. The tables with the species occurrence, in accordance with the topographical gradient (sand bank, incline, plateau) and its respective habitat, are supplied.", 'enFoi realizado um estudo dos representantes da Ordem Agaricales Clements (Hymenomycetes, Basidiomycotina), ocorrentes na Reserva BiolĂłgica Walter Egler, situada na Estrada AM-010, Manaus-Itacoatiara, Km 64, Latitude 02° 43' S e Longitude 59° 47' W, Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas. A ĂĄrea abrange 709 ha de floresta de terra firme primĂĄria. As coletas foram realizadas no perĂodo de dezembro de 2000 a junho de 2001 e seguiu-se a metodologia usual para identificação de Agaricales. Foram estudadas um total de 39 espĂ©cies, distribuĂdas em 13 gĂȘneros e seis famĂliasPolyporaceaePleurotus sp.; HygrophoraceaeHygrocybe cf. megistospora, Hygrocybe aff. miniceps, Hygrocybe occidentalis var. scarletina, e mais oito espĂ©cies de Hygrocybe indeterminadas; TricholomataceaeClitocybe sp., Hydropus sp.1 e Hydropus sp.2, Macrocystidia sp., Marasmiellus sp., Marasmius bellus, Marasmius haedinus var. haedinus,Marasmius cf. leoninus, Marasmius cf. mazatecus, Marasmius cf. ruber,Marasmius cf. setulosifolius, Marasmius tageticolor, Marasmius cf. variabiliceps var. variabiliceps, Marasmius sp.1, Marasmius sp.2, Marasmius sp.3 e Marasmius sp.4, Tricholoma sp.; AgaricaceaeAgaricus sp.1 e Agaricus sp.2, Lepiota sp., Cystoderma sp.; EntolomataceaeEntoloma cf. azureoviride, Entoloma cf. cystidiophorum, Entoloma strigosissima, Entoloma sp.; RussulaceaeLactarius panuoides. Destas, Entoloma azureoviride, Hygrocybe miniceps, Lactarius panuoides, Marasmius cf. mazatecus, Marasmius cf. setulosifolius e Marasmius variabiliceps var. variabiliceps, provavelmente, estĂŁo sendo aqui citadas pela primeira vez, para o Brasil. Com exceção de Marasmius tageticolor, as demais espĂ©cies sĂŁo citadas pela primeira vez, para a Reserva Egler. SĂŁo fornecidas tabelas com a ocorrĂȘncia das espĂ©cies de acordo com o gradiente topogrĂĄfico (baixio, vertente, platĂŽ) e seus respectivos habitats
Ătude du dĂ©veloppement des spores du genre Leucocoprinus Pat. (deuxiĂšme partie)
Locquin Marcel. Ătude du dĂ©veloppement des spores du genre Leucocoprinus Pat. (deuxiĂšme partie). In: Bulletin mensuel de la SociĂ©tĂ© linnĂ©enne de Lyon, 12á” annĂ©e, n°3, mars 1943. pp. 35-43
Une nouvelle méthode de taxinomie automatisée: Mycotaxia. Application à la détermination des genres de Myxomycetes
L'auteur décrit un procédé général de détermination des genres et des espÚces de champignons par analyse corrélatoire par superposition de cartes perforées, chaque carte étant consacrée à un caractÚre et récapitulant les genres ou les espÚces ayant ce caractÚre.
Ces genres sont repérés par les coordonnées de la perforation correspondante.
Une carte liste générale récapitule les genres (ou les espÚces) avec leurs noms imprimés.
Les Mycotaxia appliquent ce procédé à la détermination des genres et des espÚces de champignons.
L'application à la détermination du genre Trichia chez les MyxomycÚtes est décrite en détails.
Le procédé conduit non seulement à la détermination exacte du genre mais donne aussi son environnement et la valeur relative des caractÚres utilisés pour le déterminer.Locquin Marcel. Une nouvelle méthode de taxinomie automatisée: Mycotaxia. Application à la détermination des genres de Myxomycetes. In: Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Lyon, 37ᔠannée, n°5, mai 1968. pp. 181-184
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