The treat of using of explosives during mass cultural and social events

DOI nepřidělenThe paper deals with the possibility of the population treat during cultural and social events. There is a great availability of resources and processes for the production of explosives. The paper is focused on the using of explosives, the blast wave arising in the explosion and its impact on the environment. In the fi nal part there is described the effects of the explosion on the human body

Secretory glands in cercaria of the neuropathogenic schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti - ultrastructural characterization, 3-D modelling, volume and pH estimations

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cercariae of schistosomes employ bioactive molecules for penetration into their hosts. These are released from specialized unicellular glands upon stimuli from host skin. The glands were previously well-described in the human pathogen <it>Schistosoma mansoni</it>. As bird schistosomes can also penetrate human skin and cause cercarial dermatitis, our aim was to characterize the architecture and ultrastructure of glands in the neurotropic bird schistosome <it>Trichobilharzia regenti </it>and compare it with <it>S. mansoni</it>. In the context of different histolytic enzymes used by these two species, we focused also on the estimations of gland volumes and pH in <it>T. regenti</it>.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The architecture and 3-D models of two types of acetabular penetration glands, their ducts and of the head gland are shown here. We characterized secretory vesicles in all three gland types by means of TEM and confirmed accuracy of the models obtained by confocal microscopy. The results of two independent approaches showed that the glands occupy ca. one third of cercarial body volume (postacetabular glands ca. 15%, circumacetabular 12% and head gland 6%). The inner environment within the two types of acetabular glands differed significantly as evidenced by dissimilar ability to bind fluorescent markers and by pH value which was higher in circumacetabular (7.44) than in postacetabular (7.08) glands.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>As far as we know, this is the first presentation of a 3-D model of cercarial glands and the first exact estimation of the volumes of the three gland types in schistosomes. Our comparisons between <it>T. regenti </it>and <it>S. mansoni </it>implied that the architecture and ultrastructure of the glands is most likely conserved within the family. Only minor variations were found between the two species. It seems that the differences in molecular composition have no effect on general appearance of the secretory cells in TEM. Fluorescent markers employed in this study, distinguishing between secretory vesicles and gland types, can be useful in further studies of mechanisms used by cercariae for host invasion. Results of the first attempts to estimate pH within schistosome glands may help further understanding of regulation of enzymatic activities present within the glands.</p

Stochastic association of neighboring replicons creates replication factories in budding yeast

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

DNA replication and chromatin: From 3D to function

We characterized the spatio-temporal organization of replication sites. In agreement with the previous studies, five different replication patterns were observed during the S phase in HeLa cells at the level of light microscopy. Using the electron microscopy approach, we observed the close association of numerous silver grains at many sites in the early S phase. The labeled sites had discrete sizes in terms of both area and diameter. Moreover, the much larger heterochromatin domains that replicate in the late S phase, and to a lesser extent in the mid S phase, were actually composed of closely-associated, labeled RS with virtually identical diameters and areas as the early-S-labeled RS. The replication sites labeled in the early S phase were maintained as similarly labeled clusters of colloidal gold particles later in the S phase and in the next cell generation. The number of replication sites was similar in the early- and mid-S-phase cells with a slight decrease in the late S phase. The electron microscopy tomography revealed that most of the observed replication sites corresponded to individual replicons. We found that the replisomes operate as tightly-associated couples during replication. Our results concern only human HeLa cells, but considering that the findings on prokaryotic cells and budding yeast..

DNA replication and chromatin: From 3D to function

We characterized the spatio-temporal organization of replication sites. In agreement with the previous studies, five different replication patterns were observed during the S phase in HeLa cells at the level of light microscopy. Using the electron microscopy approach, we observed the close association of numerous silver grains at many sites in the early S phase. The labeled sites had discrete sizes in terms of both area and diameter. Moreover, the much larger heterochromatin domains that replicate in the late S phase, and to a lesser extent in the mid S phase, were actually composed of closely-associated, labeled RS with virtually identical diameters and areas as the early-S-labeled RS. The replication sites labeled in the early S phase were maintained as similarly labeled clusters of colloidal gold particles later in the S phase and in the next cell generation. The number of replication sites was similar in the early- and mid-S-phase cells with a slight decrease in the late S phase. The electron microscopy tomography revealed that most of the observed replication sites corresponded to individual replicons. We found that the replisomes operate as tightly-associated couples during replication. Our results concern only human HeLa cells, but considering that the findings on prokaryotic cells and budding yeast..

Replikace DNA a chromatin: Od 3D k funkci

V první části jsme charakterizovali uspořádání replikačních míst u lidské buněčné linie HeLa. V souladu s dalšími studiemi jsme na světelně-mikroskopické úrovni detekovali v průběhu S fáze pět odlišných replikačních vzorů. Na elektron-mikroskopické úrovni jsme v časné S fázi pozorovali shluky postříbřených zlatých částic, které odpovídaly místům DNA replikace. V pozdějších částech S fáze jsme pozorovali velká uskupení částic, která byla složena z jejich menších shluků. Tyto shluky vykazovaly podobnou velikost jako shluky v časné S fázi. Rovněž jejich počet byl v časné a střední S fázi podobný. Mírný pokles jsme pozorovali až v pozdní S fázi. Pomocí tomografické analýzy jsme zjistili, že většina pozorovaných replikačních míst odpovídá jednotlivým replikonům. Naše výsledky rovněž ukázaly, že replisomy zůstávají v průběhu replikace replikonu těsně spojené. I když se naše výsledky týkají pouze lidské buněčné linie HeLa, podobný způsob uspořádání replisomů byl zjištěn i u prokaryot a kvasinky Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proto předpokládáme, že toto uspořádání replisomů je pravděpodobně obecným rysem DNA replikace. Mimoto jsme navrhli model, ve kterém jsou ramena DNA smyčky vzniklé v průběhu replikace spojené a to pravděpodobně až do skončení replikace celého replikonu. Naše výsledky rovněž ukazují, že na úrovni...We characterized the spatio-temporal organization of replication sites. In agreement with the previous studies, five different replication patterns were observed during the S phase in HeLa cells at the level of light microscopy. Using the electron microscopy approach, we observed the close association of numerous silver grains at many sites in the early S phase. The labeled sites had discrete sizes in terms of both area and diameter. Moreover, the much larger heterochromatin domains that replicate in the late S phase, and to a lesser extent in the mid S phase, were actually composed of closely-associated, labeled RS with virtually identical diameters and areas as the early-S-labeled RS. The replication sites labeled in the early S phase were maintained as similarly labeled clusters of colloidal gold particles later in the S phase and in the next cell generation. The number of replication sites was similar in the early- and mid-S-phase cells with a slight decrease in the late S phase. The electron microscopy tomography revealed that most of the observed replication sites corresponded to individual replicons. We found that the replisomes operate as tightly-associated couples during replication. Our results concern only human HeLa cells, but considering that the findings on prokaryotic cells and budding yeast...1. lékařská fakultaFirst Faculty of Medicin

Evaluation of the Financial Situation of a Company and Proposals for its Improvement

This bachelor thesis focuses on the evaluation of the financial situation of the selected company Nové Vinařství, a.s. and proposals for its improvement over the period 2013-2017. In the first half of the thesis, the theoretical part will be elaborated, focusing on specific methods of financial analysis applied in the practical part. Another part of the thesis deals with the analysis of the current state of the selected company. The final chapter will propose measures to improve the financial situation of the company

Evaluation of the Financial Situation of a Company and Proposals for its Improvement

This bachelor thesis focuses on the evaluation of the financial situation of the selected company Nové Vinařství, a.s. and proposals for its improvement over the period 2013-2017. In the first half of the thesis, the theoretical part will be elaborated, focusing on specific methods of financial analysis applied in the practical part. Another part of the thesis deals with the analysis of the current state of the selected company. The final chapter will propose measures to improve the financial situation of the company