Evaluación de la calidad de los servicios turísticos bilingües brindados en los establecimientos turísticos, en la ciudad de Estelí, el segundo semestre del año 2014

Este trabajo de seminario de graduación, consiste en la Evaluación de la calidad de los servicios turísticos bilingües prestados en siete establecimientos turísticos, de la ciudad de Estelí, el segundo semestre del año 2014; con el fin de conocer el grado de calidad con el que cuentan los distintos locales que brindan servicios turísticos bilingües en el municipio de Estelí. Para el desarrollo del tema, previamente se diseñó un árbol de problemas, del cual se obtuvieron los objetivos de la investigación (ver página 13), luego se procedió a formular entrevistas lo que facilitó la recopilación de la información. Posteriormente estas fueron estructuradas a través de un formato para seminario de graduación. La investigación está conformada por nueve apartados que describen paso a paso el desarrollo de la misma, partiendo de los antecedentes los cuales reflejan un estudio realizado en la provincia de Pinar del Rio-Cuba, sin embargo no existe un antecedente específico del tema estudiado. Previo al desarrollo del estudio se identificó que la inadecuada aplicación de los idiomas en el turismo es el principal problema. Por otra parte se establece que este estudio será beneficioso para posteriores investigaciones, ya que se contará con este antecedente de investigación como referencia para la continuidad de futuras investigaciones relacionadas a dicho tema, contribuyendo así al mejoramiento de la calidad en los locales que brindan servicios turísticos bilingües. El Marco teórico aborda los principales ejes teóricos y temas considerados de importancia para de esta manera facilitar la orientación y comprensión del tema desarrollado. Finalmente el documento presenta los resultados, los cuales incluyen la situación actual de los distintos establecimientos turísticos. Al final se presentarán los resultados al Gabinete de Turismo e INTUR, con el fin de que estas instituciones realicen un grupo focal con los propietarios de establecimientos turísticos bilingües

Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Some Commercial Samples of Chilli Peppers from Mexico

The genus Capsicum provides antioxidant compounds, such as phenolics and carotenoids, into the diet. In Mexico, there is a wide diversity of species and varieties of chilli peppers, a fruit which has local cultural and gastronomic importance. In the present study, the relationship of the carotenoid and phenolic profiles with the RAPD fingerprint of three different commercial cultivars of chilli peppers of seven regions of Mexico was investigated. Through RAPD, the species of chilli were differentiated by means of different primers (OPE-18, MFG-17, MFG-18, C51, and C52). The genetic distance found with OPE 18 was in the order of 2.6. The observed differences were maintained when the chromatographic profile of carotenoids, and the molecular markers were analyzed, which suggest a close relationship between carotenoids and the genetic profile. While the chromatographic profile of phenols and the molecular markers were unable to differentiate between genotypes of chilli peppers. In addition, by using infrared spectroscopy and statistical PCA, differences explained by geographic origin were found. Thus, this method could be an alternative for identification of chilli species with respect to their geographic origin

Fuentes, síntomas y estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés-competitivo en nadadores

La presente investigación de tipo descriptivo transversal tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el estrés precompetitivo de 123 nadadores mexicanos de categoría master. La edad de los participantes osciló entre los 36 y 92 años de edad. El instrumento utilizado para recoger la información fue el cuestionario FUSIES (fuentes, síntomas y estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés), este se aplicó antes de iniciar una competencia nacional perteneciente al serial master de natación. El instrumento midió la percepción del estrés, bajo una escala tipo Likert de 1= nunca y 5 = extremo, con alfa de Cronbach de .95. Entre los principales resultados se observó un nivel normal bajo de estrés (M = 2.307 ± .5) en los nadadores; las fuentes que generan mayor estrés son la injusticia de autoridades (M = 3.70 ± 1.2), mucho tráfico (M = 3.48 ± 1.1) y no tener dinero (M = 3.28 ± 1.2). A su vez, los síntomas de estrés con mayor puntaje en los nadadores es la preocupación (M = 2.96 ± 1.08), la tensión en la espalda (M = 2.62 ± 1.2) y el tartamudeo (M = 2.34 ± 1.3). En lo relativo a las estrategias de afrontamiento que aplican con mayor frecuencia los nadadores son: ejercitarse (M = 3.59 ± 1.35), buscar la solución del problema (M = 3.51 ± 1.35) y pensar positivamente (M = 3.51 ± 1.31). Concluyendo que el pensar positivamente, les permite reducir sus niveles de preocupación, inseguridad y desesperación pre competitiva, por lo que se asume que los niveles de estrés percibidos se encuentran en un nivel moderado.This transversal descriptive research aimed to characterize the stress-precompetitive 123 swimmer's category Mexican master. The age of participants ranged between 36 and 92 years old. The instrument used to collect information was the questionnaire FUSIES (sources, symptoms and stress coping strategies), this was applied before starting a master serial belonging to national swimming competition. The instrument measures perceived stress, under a Likert scale from 1 = never and 5 = extreme, with Cronbach's alpha of .95. Among the main results normal low stress (M = 2,307 ± 0.5) was observed in swimmers; sources that generate greater stress are the injustice of authorities (M = 3.70 ± 1.2), a lot of traffic (M = 3.48 ± 1.1) and no money (M= 3.28 ± 1.2). In turn, symptoms of stress with the highest score in swimmers is Concern (M= 2.96 ± 1.08), the back strain (M= 2.62 ± 1.2) and stuttering (M= 2.34 ± 1.3). Regarding coping strategies most frequently applied swimmers are: exercise (M= 3.59 ± 1.35), finding the solution (M = 3.51 ± 1.35) and think positively (M = 3.51 ± 1.31). Think positively concluding that allows them to reduce their levels of concern, insecurity and desperation pre-competitive, so it is assumed that levels of perceived stress are at a moderate level.Esta pesquisa descritiva transversal objetivou caracterizar a 123 nadadores o estresse pré-competitiva na natação master mexicana. A idade dos participantes variou entre 36 e 92 anos de idade. O instrumento utilizado para coleta de informações foi o FUSIES (fontes, sintomas e estratégias de confronto do estresse), este foi aplicado antes de iniciar um serial master da competição nacional de natação. O instrumento mediu o estresse percebido com a escala de Likert de 1 = nunca e 5 = sempre, com alfa de Cronbach 0,95. Entre os principais resultados o nível normail-baixo de estresse (M = 2,307 ± 0,5) foi observada nos nadadores; fontes que geram uma maior estresse são a injustiça das autoridades (M = 3,70 ± 1,2), tráfego (M = 3,48 ± 1,1) e não ter dinheiro (M = 3,28 ± 1,2). Por sua vez, sintomas de estresse com o maior número de pontos em nadadores é a preocupação (M = 2,96 ± 1,08), a tensão nas costas (M = 2,62 ± 1,2) e tartamudez (M = 2,34 ± 1,3). No que diz respeito as estratégias de confronto mais frequentemente aplicada pelos nadadores são fazer exercício (M = 3,59 ± 1,35), procurar a solução do problema (M = 3,51 ± 1,35) e pensamento positivo (M = 3,51 ± 1,31). Concluindo que o pensamento positivo, permite-lhes reduzir os seus níveis de preocupação, insegurança e desespero pré competitivo, por isso, assumese que os níveis de estresse percebido estão em um nível moderado

Personality profiles of cultures: aggregate personality traits

Personality profiles of cultures can be operationalized as the mean trait levels of culture members. College students from 51 cultures rated an individual from their country whom they knew well (N = 12, 156). Aggregate scores on Revised NEO Personality Inventory scales generalized across age and gender groups, approximated the individual-level Five-Factor Model, and correlated with aggregate self-report personality scores and other culture-level variables. Results were not attributable to national differences in economic development or to acquiescence. Geographical differences in scale variances and mean levels were replicated, with Europeans and Americans generally scoring higher in Extraversion than Asians and Africans. Findings support the rough scalar equivalence of NEO-PI-R factors and facets across cultures, and suggest that aggregate personality profiles provide insight into cultural differences

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure &lt; 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation

Fuentes, síntomas y estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés-competitivo en nadadores

La presente investigación de tipo descriptivo transversal tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el estrés precompetitivo de 123 nadadores mexicanos de categoría master. La edad de los participantes osciló entre los 36 y 92 años de edad. El instrumento utilizado para recoger la información fue el cuestionario FUSIES (fuentes, síntomas y estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés), este se aplicó antes de iniciar una competencia nacional perteneciente al serial master de natación. El instrumento midió la percepción del estrés, bajo una escala tipo Likert de 1= nunca y 5 = extremo, con alfa de Cronbach de .95. Entre los principales resultados se observó un nivel normal bajo de estrés (M = 2.307 ± .5) en los nadadores; las fuentes que generan mayor estrés son la injusticia de autoridades (M = 3.70 ± 1.2), mucho tráfico (M = 3.48 ± 1.1) y no tener dinero (M = 3.28 ± 1.2). A su vez, los síntomas de estrés con mayor puntaje en los nadadores es la preocupación (M = 2.96 ± 1.08), la tensión en la espalda (M = 2.62 ± 1.2) y el tartamudeo (M = 2.34 ± 1.3). En lo relativo a las estrategias de afrontamiento que aplican con mayor frecuencia los nadadores son: ejercitarse (M = 3.59 ± 1.35), buscar la solución del problema (M = 3.51 ± 1.35) y pensar positivamente (M = 3.51 ± 1.31). Concluyendo que el pensar positivamente, les permite reducir sus niveles de preocupación, inseguridad y desesperación pre competitiva, por lo que se asume que los niveles de estrés percibidos se encuentran en un nivel moderado.This transversal descriptive research aimed to characterize the stress-precompetitive 123 swimmer's category Mexican master. The age of participants ranged between 36 and 92 years old. The instrument used to collect information was the questionnaire FUSIES (sources, symptoms and stress coping strategies), this was applied before starting a master serial belonging to national swimming competition. The instrument measures perceived stress, under a Likert scale from 1 = never and 5 = extreme, with Cronbach's alpha of .95. Among the main results normal low stress (M = 2,307 ± 0.5) was observed in swimmers; sources that generate greater stress are the injustice of authorities (M = 3.70 ± 1.2), a lot of traffic (M = 3.48 ± 1.1) and no money (M= 3.28 ± 1.2). In turn, symptoms of stress with the highest score in swimmers is Concern (M= 2.96 ± 1.08), the back strain (M= 2.62 ± 1.2) and stuttering (M= 2.34 ± 1.3). Regarding coping strategies most frequently applied swimmers are: exercise (M= 3.59 ± 1.35), finding the solution (M = 3.51 ± 1.35) and think positively (M = 3.51 ± 1.31). Think positively concluding that allows them to reduce their levels of concern, insecurity and desperation pre-competitive, so it is assumed that levels of perceived stress are at a moderate level.Esta pesquisa descritiva transversal objetivou caracterizar a 123 nadadores o estresse pré-competitiva na natação master mexicana. A idade dos participantes variou entre 36 e 92 anos de idade. O instrumento utilizado para coleta de informações foi o FUSIES (fontes, sintomas e estratégias de confronto do estresse), este foi aplicado antes de iniciar um serial master da competição nacional de natação. O instrumento mediu o estresse percebido com a escala de Likert de 1 = nunca e 5 = sempre, com alfa de Cronbach 0,95. Entre os principais resultados o nível normail-baixo de estresse (M = 2,307 ± 0,5) foi observada nos nadadores; fontes que geram uma maior estresse são a injustiça das autoridades (M = 3,70 ± 1,2), tráfego (M = 3,48 ± 1,1) e não ter dinheiro (M = 3,28 ± 1,2). Por sua vez, sintomas de estresse com o maior número de pontos em nadadores é a preocupação (M = 2,96 ± 1,08), a tensão nas costas (M = 2,62 ± 1,2) e tartamudez (M = 2,34 ± 1,3). No que diz respeito as estratégias de confronto mais frequentemente aplicada pelos nadadores são fazer exercício (M = 3,59 ± 1,35), procurar a solução do problema (M = 3,51 ± 1,35) e pensamento positivo (M = 3,51 ± 1,31). Concluindo que o pensamento positivo, permite-lhes reduzir os seus níveis de preocupação, insegurança e desespero pré competitivo, por isso, assumese que os níveis de estresse percebido estão em um nível moderado

Fontes, sintomas e estratégias de confronto de estresse competitivo em nadadores

This transversal descriptive research aimed to characterize the stress-precompetitive 123 swimmer’s category Mexican master. The age of participants ranged between 36 and 92 years old. The instrument used to collect information was the questionnaire FUSIES (sources, symptoms and stress coping strategies), this was applied before starting a master serial belonging to national swimming competition. The instrument measures perceived stress, under a Likert scale from 1 = never and 5 = extreme, with Cronbach's alpha of .95. Among the main results normal-low stress (M = 2,307 ± 0.5) was observed in swimmers; sources that generate greater stress are the injustice of authorities (M = 3.70 ± 1.2), a lot of traffic (M = 3.48 ± 1.1) and no money (M= 3.28 ± 1.2). In turn, symptoms of stress with the highest score in swimmers is Concern (M= 2.96 ± 1.08), the back strain (M= 2.62 ± 1.2) and stuttering (M= 2.34 ± 1.3). Regarding coping strategies most frequently applied swimmers are: exercise (M= 3.59 ± 1.35), finding the solution (M = 3.51 ± 1.35) and think positively (M = 3.51 ± 1.31). Think positively concluding that allows them to reduce their levels of concern, insecurity and desperation pre-competitive, so it is assumed that levels of perceived stress are at a moderate level.La presente investigación de tipo descriptivo transversal tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el estrés-precompetitivo de 123 nadadores mexicanos de categoría master. La edad de los participantes osciló entre los 36 y 92 años de edad. El instrumento utilizado para recoger la información fue el cuestionario FUSIES (fuentes, síntomas y estrategias de afrontamiento al estrés), este se aplicó antes de iniciar una competencia nacional perteneciente al serial master de natación. El instrumento midió la percepción del estrés, bajo una escala tipo Likert de 1= nunca y 5 = extremo, con alfa de Cronbach de .95. Entre los principales resultados se observó un nivel normal-bajo de estrés (M = 2.307 ± .5) en los nadadores; las fuentes que generan mayor estrés son la injusticia de autoridades (M = 3.70 ± 1.2), mucho tráfico (M = 3.48 ± 1.1) y no tener dinero (M = 3.28 ± 1.2). A su vez, los síntomas de estrés con mayor puntaje en los nadadores es la preocupación (M = 2.96 ± 1.08), la tensión en la espalda (M = 2.62 ± 1.2) y el tartamudeo (M = 2.34 ± 1.3). En lo relativo a las estrategias de afrontamiento que aplican con mayor frecuencia los nadadores son: ejercitarse (M = 3.59 ± 1.35), buscar la solución del problema (M = 3.51 ± 1.35) y pensar positivamente (M = 3.51 ± 1.31). Concluyendo que el pensar positivamente, les permite reducir sus niveles de preocupación, inseguridad y desesperación pre competitiva, por lo que se asume que los niveles de estrés percibidos se encuentran en un nivel moderado.Esta pesquisa descritiva transversal objetivou caracterizar a 123 nadadores o estresse pré-competitiva na natação master mexicana. A idade dos participantes variou entre 36 e 92 anos de idade. O instrumento utilizado para coleta de informações foi o FUSIES (fontes, sintomas e estratégias de confronto do estresse), este foi aplicado antes de iniciar um serial master da competição nacional de natação. O instrumento mediu o estresse percebido com a escala de Likert de 1 = nunca e 5 = sempre, com alfa de Cronbach 0,95. Entre os principais resultados o nível normail-baixo de estresse (M = 2,307 ± 0,5) foi observada nos nadadores; fontes que geram uma maior estresse são a injustiça das autoridades (M = 3,70 ± 1,2), tráfego (M = 3,48 ± 1,1) e não ter dinheiro (M = 3,28 ± 1,2). Por sua vez, sintomas de estresse com o maior número de pontos em nadadores é a preocupação (M = 2,96 ± 1,08), a tensão nas costas (M = 2,62 ± 1,2) e tartamudez (M = 2,34 ± 1,3). No que diz respeito as estratégias de confronto mais frequentemente aplicada pelos nadadores são fazer exercício (M = 3,59 ± 1,35), procurar a solução do problema (M = 3,51 ± 1,35) e pensamento positivo (M = 3,51 ± 1,31). Concluindo que o pensamento positivo, permite-lhes reduzir os seus níveis de preocupação, insegurança e desespero pré competitivo, por isso, assumese que os níveis de estresse percebido estão em um nível moderado.Publicación financiada por CONACYT Red Temática REDDEC