More Than Homework, a Snack, and Basketball: Afterschool Programs as an Oasis of Hope for Black Parents in Four Cities

Highlights the opinions of black families on the quality and importance of public school- and community-based afterschool programs. Explores the factors that influence black parents to enroll their children in afterschool programs

New Leaves on Old Trees: A Synthesis of Early American Music through Contemporary Composition

The purpose of this thesis is to explore the hymnody and choral music of 17th, 18th, and early 19th century Protestant communities in America with the goal of creating a historically informed composition that articulates musical and theological ideas of the past with a fresh voice. It will emphasize unique characteristics of the musical communities and connections between the communities. It will also focus on two relationships within individual communities: the association between the community’s music and its texts, and the connection between its theology and musical identity. The thesis and composition should reveal an understanding of early American musical styles and offer an opportunity to appreciate long-standing forms while contributing a new expression of these ideas. As nature expresses variations of beauty from season to season, this project attempts to rearticulate the beauty of early American music

Foreword

The articles appearing in Volume 7 of San Diego International Law Journal span the globe and cover the breadth of international law. The concept of globalization offers a prism through which to view the articles in this issue. The first three articles are focused on Africa. Nsongurua Udombana eloquently addresses the need for both debt relief and the full integration of Africa into the global trading system. Karol Boudreaux analyzes the conflict over land rights in Nigeria\u27s Plateau State under the Land Use Act of 1978, which nationalized all land in Nigeria. Edward Fluet discusses the impact of the trade in conflict diamonds on human rights and international terrorism, and analyzes international and U.S. approaches to halting the conflict diamond trade.Also in this issue, Amos Guiora surveys the legislative and policy approaches adopted by the United States, Israel, Russia, Spain and India in response to the threat of international terrorism, and proposes the globalization of counterterrorism measures. Christopher Bordelon proposes modification of the traditional law of salvage and finds, but argues against the efforts of preservationists that impede salvage, including the recently adopted UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Jorge Vargas discusses the importance of both international law and foreign law in American courts, and highlights the impact of Mexican law on the U.S. legal system. Finally, Juan Fogelbach addresses the phenomenon of transnational street gangs, in particular the El Salvadoran street gang Mara Salvatrucha

United States military special operations forces: why they are our best military assets for low-intensity conflicts

This thesis addresses the development of United States military assets for dealing with revolutionary warfare, terrorism, and other threats which could be identified under the rubric, low-· intensity conflict. Elite military units, collectively identified as Special Operations Forces (SOF), are examined for the character- !sties and attributes which promote misunderstanding and mistrust about their capabilities. Some analytical distinctions are developed which may be useful in defining roles and missions for SOF elements. Cultural impediments which may inhibit SOF activities are considered as well. Research efforts included interviews and discussion with twenty Special Operations soldiers, both active and retired, a number of them flag-rank or general officers. As a result of his research in this sensitive area, the author concludes that military SOF are the most adaptable military forces the United States can field for operation in the current and prospective low-intensity environment

Foreword

This issue of the San Diego International Law Journal contains articles spanning a wide range of topics in international and comparative law. David Barnum cogently discusses the history of the clear and present danger test in the United States, and its increasing role in cases involving the advocacy of unlawful action before the European Court of Human Rights. This topic is of particular relevance today, as the war on terror requires us to make difficult choices in balancing protection of Constitutional liberties with national security. Jae Sung Lee explores the proposed multilateral framework on competition policy from the perspective of developing countries, concluding that such a policy is ultimately in their interest, and provides possible approaches to revive the stalled WTO negotiations. Also in this issue, Lior Zemer, Eyal Kimel and Sharon Pardo compare the role of Israel\u27s Speaker of the Knesset with European parliamentary speakers, and propose ethical rules to address conflicts of interests that arise out of the Israeli Speaker\u27s multiple duties. Carole Scott presents a comparative analysis of U.S. and French labor law in the context of acquisitions and reductions-in-force, and discusses the underlying policy rationales that support each country\u27s labor laws. Finally, Martin Lee argues that the Law of the Sea Convention has achieved the status of customary international law, binding on all states

Saving face: Managing rapport in a Problem-Based Learning group

This qualitative study investigated the complex social aspects of communication required for students to participate effectively in Problem-Based Learning and explored how these dynamics are managed. The longitudinal study of a group of first-year undergraduates examined interactions using Rapport Management as a framework to analyse communication with regard to the concepts of face, sociality rights and interactional goals. Problem-Based Learning requires students to engage in potentially face-threatening interactions as they discuss subjects of which they have little prior knowledge, placing them in situations that require negotiation using face-saving strategies in order to meet objectives to share their learning with others. The study described within this article focuses on the key role of the Problem-Based Learning chair and shows how failure by the chair to manage rapport effectively can influence the quality of group learning. The findings suggest that educators need to understand the complex interactional demands students have to face in undertaking Problem-Based Learning and support students to overcome these difficulties considering the three bases of rapport managemen

Promoting Team-Based Exercise Among African American Breast Cancer Survivors

Physical activity benefits the health and well-being of breast cancer survivors (BCS). Yet, many African American survivors do not routinely exercise and have increased risk of poor outcomes. The purpose of this mixed-method study was to identify motivational factors compelling African American BCS to participate in a 14-week team walking program and to intend to continue exercise after the intervention concluded. Focus groups were held with participants (n = 12) before and after training. Content analysis discovered themes before the intervention: Not wanting to go at it alone, exercise not a life or treatment priority, cancer treatment affected activity, advocates to exercise, and can exercise really help? Four themes postintervention themes included: In the same boat, changed mind-set, improved weight and activity, and overcoming barriers. Physical data verified improvements. Results suggest that a team-based exercise training program may assist in overcoming a sedentary behavior tendency and subsequently improve health among survivors

Survivors Speak: A Qualitative Analysis of Motivational Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Survivors’ Participation in a Sprint Distance Triathlon

Aims and Objectives To examine motivational factors influencing breast cancer survivors to participate in triathlon training, complete a triathlon and maintain an exercise thereafter. Background Routine exercise has been shown to improve quality of life and reduce recurrence for breast cancer survivors. Yet physical and psychological factors present barriers for initiating and maintaining an exercise routine. Research is limited in exploring factors of exercise motivation from the survivor\u27s perspective. Design Qualitative design using focus groups and individual follow-up phone interviews to explore motivation for exercise initiation and maintenance. Methods One to two weeks after completing a triathlon, 11 breast cancer survivors who trained together participated in one of three focus groups to discuss their experience. Five months post triathlon 6 of the 11 participants were successfully contacted and phone interviews were conducted to explore exercise maintenance. Focus groups and interviews were analysed using content and thematic analysis. Results Five themes emerged (1) Champion for Exercise, (2) Part of a Team, (3) Everyone Had a Story, (4) Not Really Exercise and (5) What Do We Do Now? Overall, survivors recognised their need for lifestyle change (e.g. moving from a sedentary lifestyle to a more active one). More importantly, they identified the team approach to exercise initiation was crucial in their success in sustaining a behavioural change. Conclusions Emphasis needed on developing team exercise training programmes for survivors. Nurses can play a critical role in discussing with survivors, the benefits of exercise initiation and maintenance. Relevance to clinical practice Breast cancer survivors are hesitant to initiate routine exercise. Training with women who share a common lived experience increases the likelihood of success. Nurses are in a position to encourage breast cancer survivors to participate in group exercise programmes as a way to improve quality of life